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Biopsych > Block 4 > Flashcards

Block 4 Flashcards

1
Q

post-synaptic region is a ___ excitable domain

A

chemically

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2
Q

the signal that open gates is a ___ signal

A

chemical

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3
Q

conductance of ions is regulated by the presence of the ___

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

when ions move across the post-synaptic membrane, you get ____

A

post synaptic potentials

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5
Q

small and variable changes in the membrane potential

A

post synaptic potentials

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6
Q

PSPs are produced by __, __, __, and __ channels

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride

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7
Q

acquisition of positive e-charge in the post-synaptic neuron; helps axon hillock reach threshold

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

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8
Q

acquisition or maintenance of a negative e-charge in the post-synaptic neuron; prevents the axon hillock from reaching threshold

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

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9
Q

postsynaptic increase in sodium and calcium conductance, decrease in potassium conductance, creates the ___ effect in the __ postsynaptic potential

A

excitatory

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10
Q

postsynaptic increase in potassium and chloride conductance creates the ___ effect in ___ postsynaptic potential

A

inhibitory

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11
Q

___ tends to hold membrane potential near its equilibrium potential, blocking depolarizing influence so it is considered inhibitory in nature

A

chloride

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12
Q

short circuits other positive influences in the area

A

chloride shunt

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13
Q

GABA receptor is a __ channel

A

chloride

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14
Q

dendritic reduction of all synaptic influences into action potential; sum of all positive and negative signals in the cell, with spatial and temporal summation taken into account

A

integration

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15
Q

synapses closer to the ___ are more influential

A

axon hillock

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16
Q

adding together of all EPSPs and IPSPs over space; closer to axon hillock, more influential

A

spatial summation

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17
Q

adding together of EPSPs and IPSPs over time; repetitive activation affects synaptic influence

A

temporal summation

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18
Q

the concept that a strong IPSP and EPSP will cancel each other

A

bidirectional

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19
Q

True or false: more IPSPs occur than EPSPs

A

true

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20
Q

IPSPs often occur in the absence of ___

A

excitation

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21
Q

a neurotransmitter receptor linked to a neighboring ion channel by an intracellular signaling molecule

A

metabotropic neurotransmitter receptor

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22
Q

___ binding site in a metabotropic receptor activated an intracellular signaling molecule when the binding site is occupied by a neurotransmitter

A

ligand

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23
Q

used to open gates when the binding site is occupied by a neurotransmitter in metabotropic receptors

A

intracellular signaling molecule

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24
Q

a neurotransmitter receptor that is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel

A

ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor

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25
Q

ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors possess a __ binding site and a __ that opens or closes when binding site is occupied by a neurotransmitter

A

ligand; gate

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26
Q

examples of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

A

nicotinic acetylcholine, GABA receptors

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27
Q

molecule that binds to a receptor

A

ligand

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28
Q

the concept of neurotransmitters rapidly bouncing on and off of neurotransmitter receptors

A

continuum of efficacy

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29
Q

how fast a ligand binds to a receptor

A

affinity

30
Q

how biologically effective a ligand is once bound to a receptor

A

potency

31
Q

ligands that bind to a receptor and activate it biologically; produce PSP in target neuron

A

agonist

32
Q

ligands that bind to a receptor but do not activate it biologically; high affinity so receptor is literally blocked from functioning

A

antagonists

33
Q

all antagonists are ___

A

exogenous (not created by the body)

34
Q

excitation/inhibition are properties of the ___

A

receptor

35
Q

nature of synaptic potential is determined by the ___ by which receptor it chooses to use

A

post-synaptic cell

36
Q

bind to a receptor in a different location than agonists and antagonists; increase affinity for binding to a ligand

A

allosteric modifiers

37
Q

synthesized in the pre-synaptic terminal by ChAT, which fuses acetate and choline together

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

ChAT

A

cholineacetyltransferase

39
Q

receptors become less responsive to presence of the agonist; used to terminate ACh stimulated PSPs

A

desensitization

40
Q

moving away from synaptic cleft; used to terminate ACh stimulated PSPs

A

diffusion

41
Q

enzymes __ the transmitter molecule; used to terminate ACh stimulated PSPs

A

break down

42
Q

enzyme used in ACh breakdown

A

acetylcholinesterase

43
Q

naturally occurring drug that blocks AChE

A

physostigmine

44
Q

manmade AChE blockers

A

insecticides

45
Q

ACh acts at the interface between nerve and muscle called the ___

A

neuromuscular junction

46
Q

most commonly employed neurotransmitter in the brain; produces inhibition by activating a gK or more often a gCl

A

GABA

47
Q

neurotransmitter synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase

A

GABA

48
Q

recycles GABA back to glutamate for reuptake and use

A

GABA transaminase

49
Q

at least 2 ___ binding sites on the GABA receptor, one site for benzodiazepines and another for barbiturates

A

allosteric

50
Q

majority of synapses in the brain are inhibitory, therefore are ___

A

GABAergic

51
Q

many synapses use ___, using GABA to block synaptic terminal from incoming action potentials

A

presynaptic inhibition

52
Q

GABA antagonists produce ___

A

excitation

53
Q

loss of GABA producing neurons causes ___, which is treated by ___

A

epilepsy; GABA allosteric agonists

54
Q

chemically similar to GABA, but mediates more excitation in the brain

A

glutamate

55
Q

__ and __ are main excitatory neurotransmitters; both are present in all cells as amino acids

A

glutamate and aspartate

56
Q

glutamate/aspartate mediated cell death

A

excitotoxicity

57
Q

important amino acid for inhibition, especially in the spinal cord, where it is used instead of GABA

A

glycine

58
Q

glycine is blocked by ___, causes spinal seizures

A

strychnine

59
Q

synthesized from the amino acid precursor tyrosine

A

catechloamines

60
Q

rate limiting enzyme that synthesizes DA, NE, and E from tyrosine; produces negative feedback and shuts off DA and NE synthesis

A

tryosine hydroxylase (TOH)

61
Q

synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan

A

indolamines

62
Q

enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter DA from L-Dopa, also responsible for producing serotonin

A

5HTP Decarboxylase = AAA decarboxylase

63
Q

a long chain of amino acids is called a __, a short chain is a __

A

protein; peptide

64
Q

peptides released into the brain and used as a neurochemical signal between neurons

A

peptide neurotransmitters

65
Q

peptides released from the brain into the blood stream acting as neurochemical signals between brain and body

A

peptide hormones

66
Q

how peptides are synthesized and packaged into vesicles in the soma and sent down the axon to synaptic terminal

A

orthograde axoplasmic transport

67
Q

peptide transmitters are metabolically expensive, so they tend to act at low concentrations for a long period of time, so they are called ___

A

neuromodulators

68
Q

family of peptides that act as natural pain killers

A

endorphins/enkephalins

69
Q

peptides involved in social recognition, aggression, nurturing, affiliation, water retention, and other CNS functions

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

70
Q

peptides are often __ (released with other neurotransmitters)

A

co-transmitters

71
Q

substance that acts by modifying the affinity of a receptor for another transmitter (allosteric modification)

A

neuromodulator

Biopsych (11 decks)

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