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biopsych > Block 5 > Flashcards

Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q

__ fibers convey information towards the CNS

A

sensory

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2
Q

__ fibers convey information from the CNS

A

motor

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3
Q

Sensory and motor function are __ in the nervous system

A

separated

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4
Q

afferent fibers are __

A

sensory

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5
Q

efferent fibers are __

A

motor

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6
Q

axes of orientation; spatial reasoning to determine structure position; used in both brain and body

A

system orientation

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7
Q

towards the tip of the head

A

rostral

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8
Q

towards the tip of the tail

A

caudal

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9
Q

upper surface of the body

A

dorsal

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10
Q

bottom surface of the body

A

ventral

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11
Q

close to the midline

A

medial

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12
Q

farther from the midline

A

lateral

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13
Q

close

A

proximal

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14
Q

far

A

distal

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15
Q

in humans, __ is used in place of rostral

A

anterior

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16
Q

in humans, __ is used in place of caudal

A

posterior

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17
Q

How many pairs of nerves branch off from the spinal cord?

A

31

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18
Q

each nerve is split into __ and __ roots

A

dorsal, ventral

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19
Q

dorsal roots are ___

A

sensory

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20
Q

ventral roots are __

A

motor

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21
Q

DRG: cell bodies for all __ neurons entering the spinal cord

A

sensory

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22
Q

DRG cell bodies lie ___ the CNS and __ the PNS

A

outside, inside

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23
Q

each sensory and motor spinal nerve receives information from and projects information to specific body regions called ___

A

dermatomes

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24
Q

long nerves from the spinal cord that dangle down and branch off to the legs

A

cauda equina

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25
Q

epidural anesthetic is injected between __

A

L2 and L3

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26
Q

bundle of myelinated axons running up and down the spinal cord; opaque to light

A

white matter

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27
Q

unmyelinated structures in the spinal cord; translucent to light

A

gray matter

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28
Q

white matter in the CNS is called __, __, or __

A

tract, fasciculus, pathway

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29
Q

white matter in the spinal cord consists of __ and __

A

sensory afferent fibers and motor efferent fibers

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30
Q

gray matter is a collection of __ in the spinal cord

A

cell bodies

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31
Q

occupies the central region of the spinal cord, therefore is called __; 4 lobed structure home to spinal sensory and motor function

A

Central Gray Region

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32
Q

first cell in the sensory system is the ___

A

first order neuron

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33
Q

the soma of all first order neurons lie __ the CNS __ the PNS in the DRG

A

outside, inside

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34
Q

all first order neurons synapse onto a ___ in the CNS for somatosensory systems

A

second order neuron

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35
Q

nerve fibers often ___ to innervate structures on the other side of the body

A

cross midline

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36
Q

the left brain controls the __ side of the body due to __

A

right; decussation

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37
Q

when a projection crosses midline of the spinal cord

A

contralateral

38
Q

when a projection stays on the same side of the spinal cord

A

ipsilateral

39
Q

slow conducting fibers in the somatosensory system

A

nociceptors

40
Q

nociceptors are activated by __ stimuli

A

noxious

41
Q

What are noxious stimuli?

A

cause tissue damage

42
Q

large, quick fibers in the somatosensory system

A

mechanoreceptors

43
Q

origin for motor commands lies in the __ cortex

A

cerebral

44
Q

final common path for motor commands is the ____ of the spinal cord

A

ventral horn

45
Q

___ neurons project axons to contact lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

upper motor neurons

46
Q

___ neurons send axons that exit the CNS and innervate the skeletal muscles

A

lower motor neurons

47
Q

lower motor neuron cell bodies lie in the ___ of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

gray matter

48
Q

lower motor neuron axons exit the cord via the __ and synapse on __

A

ventral roots, skeletal muscle

49
Q

lower motor neuron synapses exclusively use what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

lower motor neuron synapses are __ in nature

A

excitatory

51
Q

upper motor neurons send two fiber bundles down either side of the spinal cord: __ and __ tracts; which activate ___ neurons

A

pyramidal and extrapyramidal; lower motor neurons

52
Q

upper motor neurons lie in the __ of the brain

A

motor cortex

53
Q

largest neurons in the mammalian brain

A

pyramidal cells

54
Q

axons that leave upper motor neurons and cross the midline at the Decussation of the Pyramids (contralateral)

A

pyramidal tracts

55
Q

pyramidal tracts descend in white matter and insert into __ of spinal cord and innervate ___ neurons

A

ventral horn, lower motor neurons

56
Q

the __ system coordinates and gives precision to the pyramidal system

A

extrapyramidal

57
Q

extrapyramidal neurons primarily come from ___ (basal ganglia) and ___ (celebellar) nuclei

A

sub-cortical, brainstem

58
Q

extrapyramidal system interacts with __ neurons in the motor cortex and with ___ neurons in the spinal cord

A

pyramidal, lower motor

59
Q

spinal cord has the capacity to integrate __ imput into appropriate __ output

A

afferent, motor

60
Q

___ muscle fibers (bulk of muscle) do the majority of the work

A

extrafusal

61
Q

__ muscle fibers contain a stretch receptor

A

intrafusal

62
Q

when only one synapse is involved in a reflex, it is called a ___ reflex

A

monosynaptic

63
Q

any stretch of a muscle is thus countered with a __ of that same muscle

A

contraction

64
Q

muscles exist in antagonistic pairs of __ and __

A

flexors, extensors

65
Q

forebrain has two cerebral hemispheres

A

subcortical and cortical

66
Q

an extension of the brainstem (subcortical)

A

thalamus

67
Q

ventral to the thalamus (subcortical)

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

lateral to the thalamus (subcortical)

A

basal ganglia

69
Q

olfactory bulbs and cortex, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala

A

limbic lobes

70
Q

cortical includes the __, __, __, and __ lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

71
Q

includes medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum

A

brainstem

72
Q

3 groups of cells that project to the forebrain (one term)

A

reticular formation

73
Q

straddle midsagittal line in the brainstem; #1 source of serotonin in the brain and spinal cord; project rostrally and caudally

A

raphe nuclei

74
Q

small nucleus on each side of dorsal brainstem; #1 source of norepinephrine in the brain; projects to cortical and subcortical regions

A

locus coeruleus

75
Q

ventral brainstem; major source of dopamine for the brain; projects to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal motor behavior) and limbic medial forebrain (reward)

A

substantia nigra

76
Q

contain neurons that make up the extrapyramidal motor system; part of the basal ganglia (striatum)

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

77
Q

sheet of white matter; pyramidal projection tract directly through the basal ganglia

A

internal capsule

78
Q

midline cluster of nuclei on ventral surface of forebrain and a hanging gland

A

hypothalamus and pituatiary gland

79
Q

hypothalamus: imput from __ and __ structures

A

limbic, brainstem

80
Q

hypothalamus: output from the ___ via the pituitary stalk

A

pituitary gland

81
Q

in the ___ gland, axon terminals from neurons in hypothalamus release peptides into the blood

A

posterior pituitary gland

82
Q

in the __ gland, peptides are released into the blood and are controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary gland

83
Q

___ nuclei relay visual information

A

lateral geniculate

84
Q

__ nuclei relay auditory information

A

medial geniculate

85
Q

___ nuclei relay somatosensory information

A

ventral-posterior lateral and medial

86
Q

all cortex rostral to central sulcus

A

frontal lobe

87
Q

immediately rostral to the central sulcus; primary motor cortex (not a lobe)

A

precentral gyrus

88
Q

lobe caudal to the central sulcus

A

parietal lobe

89
Q

immediately caudal to the central sulcus; primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

90
Q

caudal tip of the skull; primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

91
Q

separated by lateral sulcus; primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

biopsych (11 decks)

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