Block 10 Flashcards
the study of the action of drugs on living organisms
pharmacology
drug-induced changes in the functioning of nerve cells
neuropharmacology
drug-induced changes in behavior
psychopharmacology
drug-induced changes in the function of select neurons that influence specific behaviors
neuropsychopharmacology
molecular changes produced by drug binding to a target site or receptor
drug action
drug/receptor interactions that produce the desired effect
therapeutic effect
drug effects other than the desired effect that vary from annoying to dangerous
side effect
classification of drugs that produce general decrease in cognitive and behavioral processes
depressants
alcohol, marijuana, barbiturates, benzos are examples of ___
depressants
classification of drugs that produce an increase in behavior and thought
stimulants
nicotine, caffeine, amphetamine, and cocaine are examples of ___
stimulants
classification of drugs that alter your perception of reality
hallucinogens and opiates
LSD and derivatives, and opium are examples of __
hallucinogens and opiates
3 factors that influence drug action in the CNS
chemical structure, dose, bioavailability
determines how quickly and how much is liberated and absorbed into blood, how quickly it reaches target, and how quickly the drug effect occurs
administration
release of drug into a biological system from an administered form
liberation
chemicals to facilitate ability of drugs to exist in different forms
excipients
movement of drug from site of administration to the blood circulation to the body; influenced by route of administration and liberation factors
absorption and distribution
duration of effectiveness before the drug is broken down and inactivated
elimination
the amount of time it takes to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body
half-life
it typically takes __ half-lives to reduce a drug to ineffective concentrations
6
drug metabolism typically occurs in the __
liver
phase of biotransformation; modification (oxidation or hydrolysis) of parent structure that produces a polar metabolite that can then be rid from the body in urine
phase I
phase of biotransformation; conjugation with a salt or amino acid, produces ionized, biologically inactive molecules
phase II
inactivates drugs and makes them more water soluble and easier to excrete
biotransformation (phase I & II)
more and more of the drug becomes required to produce a desired effect
tolerance
physiological and psychological need for a drug
addiction
physical and psychological symptoms opposite from those the drug induces
withdrawal
Where is alcohol distributed?
small intestine
When is the peak blood concentration of alcohol?
30-60 minutes after ingestion
How is alcohol eliminated?
metabolized by the liver
3 effects of alcohol exposure
Korsakoff’s disease, liver cirrhosis, fetal alcohol syndrome
How is marijuana distributed?
enters blood stream through the lungs
When is the peak concentration of marijuana? When is the behavioral peak?
30 minutes, 2-3 hours
3 effects of alcohol on the membrane
causes membrane to become more flexible, reduces efficiency of neuronal transmission, disrupts activity of membrane receptors
Why do marijuana and alcohol have an effect on the membrane?
they are lipophilic and the membrane is a lipid
alcohol produces __ by enhancing action of GABA and reducing the action of glutamate
global inhibition
__ receptors are concentrated in basal ganglia and cerebellum and frontal cortex
cannabinoid
effects of sedatives/tranquilizers have greater effects than alone when taken together, making them __
supra-additive
__ and __ have specific binding sites on GABA receptors, making them allosteric modifiers
benzodiazapines and barbiturates
caffeine is a __ receptor __
adenosine agonist
Amphetamines and cocaine have powerful stimulant effects through overlapping mechanisms of __
dopamine
How is cocaine eliminated?
metabolized by specific esterase enzyme in the brain
