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Body Logistics > BL7 - Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

BL7 - Cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartillage
Elastic cartillage

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2
Q

Name three places you can find hyaline cartilage 4

A 
Articular cartilage of the JOINS
Nose
Costal margins
Trachea
Larynx
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3
Q

Where can you find elastic tissue? 3

A

Outer Ear
Eustachian Tube
Epiglottis

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4
Q

Where do you find fibrocartilage? 3

A

Intervertebral discs
Meniscae
Pubic synthesis

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5
Q

What is collagen fibres are found in hyaline?

A

Type II

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6
Q

What is collagen fibres are found in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I and Type II

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7
Q

Whats a proteoglycan how does it relate to a GAG (define)

A

Glycoaminoglycan binds to a protein core to form a proteoglycan. The protein glycans can aggregate to form a hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

Collage type I found in?

A

90%. Bones, tendons, skin, organs

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9
Q

Collage type II found in?

A

Cartilage

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10
Q

Collage type III found in?

A

Recticulate

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11
Q

Collage type IV found in?

A

Basal lamina

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12
Q

Collage type V found in?

A

Hair and placenta surface

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13
Q

What is an epiphyseal growth plate?

A

hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.

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14
Q

What is an epiphyseal growth plate made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage (without perichondrium)

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15
Q

Hyaline cartilage is normally composed of three layers?

A

Perichondrium
Chondrocytes + ECM
Perichondrium

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16
Q

What type of growth occurs in hyaline cartilage?

A

Appositional growth. Growing from the periphery

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17
Q

What type of CT is the perichondrium made up of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the three parts of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis - middle of long bone
Metaphysis - wide part of the end of the long bone (contains growth plate)
Epiphysis - end of the long bone

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19
Q

In hyaline cartilage how does the cells vary.

A

Outer edges (perichondrium) Fibroblasts->Chondroblasts->Chondrocytes. These specialise towards the centre where they produce matrix and form lacunae (bundle together)

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20
Q

What does articular mean?

A

Joints

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21
Q

When hyaline ages what happens to it?

A

Calcifies

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22
Q

How does the histology of elastic cartilage structure vary from cartilage.

A

Same. Contains perichondrium and apposition growth

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23
Q

When cartilage cells group together it is called what?

A

Isogenous grouping. Chondrocytes

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24
Q

What is an entheses?

What cartilage is found here?

A

points of attachment of tendon and bone.

Fibrocartillage

25
Q

What is endochondrial ossification?

A

replacement of a pre-existing hyaline cartilage template for bone

26
Q

Where does endochondrial ossification occur in babies?

A

Long bones- Metacarpals

27
Q

The femur has two growth plates found where?

A

Head of femur

Greater trochanter

28
Q

What happens to the growth plate as it matures?

A

It will disappear

29
Q

Draw a synovial joint.

A

No - go and draw it.

30
Q

Endochondrial ossification. What week does it occur?

A

Week 14

31
Q

Endochondrial ossification. What is the basic process?

A

Hyaline Cartilage -> Bone

32
Q

Endochondrial ossification.

What type of bones

A

Long bones

33
Q

Intramembranous ossification.

What type of bones? 3 examples?

A

Flat bones

Skull, Clavicle, Scapula, Pelvic bone

34
Q

What is the purpose of Intramembranous ossification (Compared to appositional growth)

A

Thickening not lengthening

35
Q

How does endochondrial ossification compare to Intramembranous ossification

A

EO is appositional growth which is growing bones by/in length
IO is thickening

36
Q

What are the 5 stages of IO

A

1) Mesenchymal stem cells form a tight cluster (Nidus)
2) MSC become OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
3) These become Osteoblasts which lay down OSTEOID (type I collagen)
4) Osteoid mineralises and forms bone tissue and OBs become osteocytes
5) Spicules join to form trabeculae, merge and form woven bone. This then is replaced by lamellae of mature compact bone

37
Q

What is the layer that surrounds bones

A

Periosteum

38
Q

What is the layer that surrounds cartilage

A

Perichondrium

39
Q

How is an osteoclast histologically recognisable?

A

Large in comparison to OB/OC

Multiple Nuclei

40
Q

Which bone formation process form osteons.

A

Both.

The histological structure will eventually look the same from both processes

41
Q

Long bones are made up of two types of bone?

A

Compact/Cortical

Cancellous/Spongy

42
Q

Compact bones are made up of ______ (unit of bone)

A

Osteons

43
Q

Osteon Anatomy! What is the name of the cap in the middle of an osteon?

A

Haversian Canal

44
Q

What is the name of the outer membrane of the compact bone?

A

Periosteum

45
Q

What is the name of the inner membrane of the compact bone?

A

Endosteum

46
Q

Osteon Anatomy! What is the name of the “tree rings” in the osteon?

A

Lamellae of bone

47
Q

How can you tell the difference between mature and immature bone?

A

Osteons, Regular order in Mature.

48
Q

How does a trapped OC communicate/ get nutrients?

A

They have cytoplasmic processes which reach out to other OCs and HC via canaliculi

49
Q

How does cancellous bone compare to that of compact?

A

No Haversian or Volkmann’s canals

50
Q

How do osteoclasts remodel bone? 2

A

H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes

51
Q

Fracture repair

A

1) Hematoma (granulation tissue)
2) Fibrocartilagenous callus formation. GT->FCC
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodelling

52
Q

list the most common risk factors for osteoporosis. 4

A 
Genetic
Not enough calcium intake
Poor Ca absorption
Reduced exercise
Smoking
53
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

A metabolic bone disease in which mineralized bone

is decreased in mass to the point that it no longer provides adequate mechanical support.

54
Q

What is Osteoporosis? Explain in terms of osteo-cells

A

Osteoclasts break down the bone

Normally osteoblasts add new bone but in osteoporosis this does not occur

55
Q

What are the two types of Osteoporosis

A

Type 1 - occurs in postmenopausal women. Increase in OClast, Oestrogen down
Type 2- Both sexes. 70+ due to reduced osteoblast function

56
Q

Whats Osteomalacia?

A

Osteomalacia refers to a softening of your bones, often caused by a vitamin D deficiency. OM - not enough normal bone. OP - reduced density

57
Q

In an intervertebral disc what are the two areas?

A

Inner - nucleus pulposus

Outer - annulus fibrosis (consisting of cartilage)

58
Q

Which cartilage forms rows of cells?

A

Fibrocartilage

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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