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Body Logistics > BL 4 > Flashcards

BL 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a good metaphor for the lymph system?

A

Random spot checks when you leave/enter a country

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2
Q

Name three types of lymphocytes

A

B Cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

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3
Q

How does lymph (fluid move around the lymph system? 3

A

Deep lymph vessels travel through the muscles

Larger lymphatic (in abdomen and thorax) have smooth muscle in their walls

Pressure changes in the thorax !!

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4
Q

How is an ulcer defined?

A

Break in the continuity of the epithelium

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5
Q

What’s cellulitis?

A

Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue

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6
Q

The lymphatic system can be broken up into O______ and T______

T______ are either D________ or L________ N_________

The D_______ tissues can be classified into 3 associated tissue types
1, 2 and 3

A

Organs and tissues
Tissues
- diffuse
- lymphatic nodules

Diffuse

1) mucosal associated lymphatic tissue MALT
2) gut associated lymphatic tissue GALT
3) bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue BALT

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7
Q

Name three lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

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8
Q

Lymphatic nodules?
What are they?
Give two examples?

A

They are organs

E.g. Tonsils, peyers patches and vermiform appendix

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9
Q

What are the three tonsils?

A

1) pharyngeal tonsil (found posterior tothe nasal cavity )
2) Palatine tonsil (posterior of oral cavity)
3) Lingual tonsil. (Posterior base of the tongue)

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10
Q

Fact. How much mucous is produced a day??

A

1 litre.

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11
Q

Where do you find peyers patches?

And why is it useful to have them there?

A

In the abdomen. Ileocolium.

Stomach and ileum contain no bacteria so need a defence mechanism

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12
Q

Which of the following are true?
A) the LS recovers 3 litres of interstitial fluid per day
B) lymph flow is aided by skeletal muscle
C) lymph flow is aided by adjacent arteries
D lymph flow is aided by adjacent veins
E) lymph flow is aided by pressure changes in the thorax

A

A,B, C and E

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13
Q

Lymph nodes

Function?
How many roughly

A

To filter the lymph

700

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14
Q

Anatomy of the lymph node. Where do the afferent and efferent vessels enter/leave the lymph node?

Lymph vessels?
Feeding artery and draining vein?

A

LV.
Afferent vessel - convex surface
Efferent vessel - leave via hilum

BV.
Both enter and leave at the hilum

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15
Q

Follicular dentritic cell

Where are they found?

How do the assist in defence of the cell?
1)
2)

A

Located in germinal centres

1) Antibody antigen complexes adhere to their dentritic processes and the cell can retain the antigen for months
2) Therefore they are very useful in causes the PROLIFERATION of B CELLS in particular b memory cells

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16
Q

WRITE SLIDES ON IMMUNE RESPONSE/ immune system

A

O

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17
Q

What’s the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

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18
Q

What’s the spleens function? 3

A

1) Filters blood
2) activates and proliferates B and T lymphocytes
3) Haemopoeitic - removes old damaged rbc and platelets

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19
Q

What are the spleens immune function?

A

Antigen presentation of APCs
Activation and proliferation of B and T cells
Removes macromolecular antigens from blood (macrophages)

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20
Q

Can people life without the spleen?

What would be the specific effects? 3 of them (think about the overall function of the spleen)

A

Yes

1) liver and bone marrow can take over RBC recycling
2) increases the risk of infection (life long antibiotics)
3) increased risk of DVT due to increased platelet count

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21
Q

Thymus.

Where’s it located?

Function?

A

Superior mediastinum

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into mature T Cells

(Thymic cell education )

22
Q

What is lymph?

A

Watery fluid

23
Q

What is the function of the 3 lymph organs?

A

Lymph nodes engulf pathogens

Spleen and Thymus mature lymphocytes

24
Q

How much lymph in in the lymphatic system?

A

3 litres

20L of blood leaves arterioles, 17L returns to venules

25
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

Where does it drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct (drains 90degrees into internal jugular vein(9:45) and Thoracic duct (drains into subclavian vein)

26
Q

What can lymph nodes do if they come into contact with a pathogen? 2 (FUNCTION)

A

Activate macrophages

Activate immune system

27
Q

Whats a MALT?

A

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue. The outposts (of lymphatic vessels) of sensitive tissues

e.g. tonsils,peyers patches, appendix

28
Q

What is MHC1

A

Major histocompatibility complex 1

29
Q

What is Opsonization?

A

Where a pathogen is MARKED for destruction by the body

30
Q

What is complement? 3 functions

A 
A group of serum proteins
Cause: 
-inflammation
-cell lysis
-opsonization
31
Q

What are the complement proteins labled as?

A

C1-C9 (order of discovery)

32
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the Complement pathway?

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

33
Q

Whats the Classical Pathway?

A

The pathway is triggered by antibody-antigen complexes binding to C1, C2 and C4 are catalysed by C1 to for a and b components. 2b and 4b make C3 convertase, which splits C3 into two fragments; the large fragment, C3b, can covalently attach to the surface of microbial pathogens and opsonise them; the small fragment, C3a, activates mast cells, causing the release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine.

34
Q

Whats the Alternative Pathway?

A

Factors B, D, H & I, which interact with each other, and with C3b, to form a C3 convertase, C3bBb, that can activate more C3, hence the pathway is sometimes called ‘the amplification loop’. Activation of the loop is promoted in the presence of bacterial and fungal cell walls, but is inhibited by molecules on the surface of normal mammalian cells.

35
Q

Lytic pathway?

A

This pathway is initiated by the splitting of C5, and attachment of C5b to a target. C6, C7, C8 and C9 unite with C5b, and this membrane-attack complex (MAC), when inserted into the outer membrane of some bacteria, can contribute to their death by lysis. Red cells which have antibody bound to the cell surface can also activate the classical and lytic pathways, and become susceptible to lysis.

36
Q

How is the complement Classical pathway activated?

A

C1 binding to an antigen-antibody complex

37
Q

How is the alternative pathway activated?

A

C3b is activated when it reacts with

antigens such as bacterial cell wall. Factors BDHI

38
Q

Define lymphoedema

A

Swelling/accumulation of fluid due to a blockage in the lymph system

39
Q

Does a lymphoedema pit?

A

No

40
Q

Does an oedema pit

A

Yes

41
Q

Why do solutes flow out of arterioles and into venules?

A

DRAW DIAGRAM. Oncotic pressure remains the same. Hydrostatic pressure caused by a fall in pressure as your get further from the heart. When plasma Hydrostatic pressure is higher than interstitial pressure it flows out. In venules hydrostatic pressure is lower than intertitial

42
Q

What do starling forces govern? What do they consider?

A

Govern fluid movement into or out of capillaries.

Oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

43
Q

What happens in heart failure (starling forces)?

A

Oncotic pressure is the same. There is a higher venous pressure which means filtration is favoured distally over absorption. Causes oedema

44
Q

What happens in Hypoproteinemia (starling forces)?

A

Hydrostatic pressures is unaffected. Oncotic pressure is reduced thoughout. Causes more filtration than absorption which overloads lymphatic drainage causing oedema

45
Q

Why does oedema appear at the ankles first?

A

Gravity

46
Q

What causes Hemosiderin staining?

A

Breaking of the small blood vessels under the skin. Macrophages consuming the dead red blood cells, leading to the production of hemosiderin.

47
Q

What is Hemosiderin ?

A

Hemosiderin is an insoluble form of tissue storage iron,

48
Q

What type of cells exist in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes (B,T, NK)

Supporting cells, in particular follicular dendritic cells and macrophages

49
Q

In a lymph node what is the outer section called?

A

CORTEX

50
Q

What are Follicular dendritic cells/function?

A

Supporting cell found in lymph node. Cause proliferation of B cells, in particular
memory B cells

51
Q

Whats a dendritic cell?

A

Accessory cell of the immune system. Process APCs and communicate between specific and non-specific immune responses

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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