BL11 Flashcards
Name the different types of CT sheaths the cover the neruons? Like muscle
Endoneurium = covers indidual nerves
Perineurium - covers bundles of nerves
Epineurium covers a number of nerve bundles
Whats an astrocyte?
Functions 3
Star-shaped GLIAL cell
- SCAFFOLD Structural support (particular in repair) 2. REPAIR and scar neurons
- HOMEOSTASIS of interstitial fluid
Where are schwann cell found?
PNS
Where are oligodendrocytes found?
CNS
Function of Schwann and Oligodendrocytes?
Myelination of axons
Whats an Microglia?
Functions 3
Resident MACROPHAGES
On a radiograph - what structures appear black?
Air
Which ANS branch dilates pupils?
SNS
Which ANS branch constricts bronchi?
PNS
Which ANS branch promotes erections?
PNS
Which ANS branch promotes glucose release?
SNS
Which ANS branch inhibits saliva productions?
SNS
Which vessels are not innervated by SNS?
capillaries and precapillary sphincters (local
control)
Which organs are prioritised in fight or slight?
Brain, heart, skel muscle
What happens to blood vessels in skin in fight or flight?
Blood vessels to skin
vasoconstrict to minimize
bleeding if injury occurs
during stress or exercise
Name three neurocrine examples
Adrenal gland
Hypothalamus
Name all the major endocrine glands/organs.
Others include stomach, liver, heart
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Pancreas Adrenal glands Testes/Ovaries Placenta in babies
Where is the thymus located?
superior mediastinum (top of heart and between lungs)
What is the function of the thymus?
Matures T cells
Thymosin (hormone that promotes t cell maturation)
Name 4 different (chemical) types of hormones?
Peptide Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Catecholamines
Thyroid Hormone
Examples of Peptide Hormone? 2
Insulin, Glucagon, Prolactin, ACTH, PTH, Gastrin
Examples of Steroid Hormone? 2
Oestrogen, androgens aldosterone, progesterone cortisol
Examples of Catecholamines? 2
Adrenaline,
noradrenaline
Examples of Thyroid Hormone? 1
Thyroxine,
triiodothryonine
Function of hypothalamus?
Food (Feeding, satiety, GIT regulation)
Fun
Fever (Thermoregulation, panting, sweating, shivering)
Fornication (Emotion, sexual behaviour)
Explain the Hypothalmic Pituitary throid axis?
Explain the feedback loops
HYPOTHALAMUS Thyroid release hormone (TRH) ANTERIOR PITUITARY Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) THYROID T4 (thyroxine) and T3
- T3&T4 have a short term negative feedback loop to ANT PITUITORY
- Long negative feedback loop to HYPOTHAL
HPA axis?
HYPOTHALAMUS CRH (corticotropin release hormone) ANT PITUITARY ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids (CORTISOL)
Cortisol has a neg feedback on ANT P and HYPO
Which part of the adrenal gland is the medulla?
Centre
What type of cells live in the adrenal medulla?
What do they release?
Input?
Chromaffin Cells (modified neurons) Receive SNS input and release A and NA
Where (What organ/tissue) does the Adrenal medulla activation come from?
Hypothalamus
What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin and
ADH (antidiuretic hormone [vasopressin])
What does the pineal gland produce?
It produces melatonin
Melatonin is involved in control of circadian rhythmn
Melatonin inhibits release of gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)
calcifies in early
adulthood and is therefore visible on skull x-rays
