BL10 Flashcards
Where is the sternal angle?
T3/4 angle of louis. Where the 2nd rib attaches
How many membranes are in the lung?
2 - mucous membrane (airways) serous membrane (air sacs)
How many linings are there in the lung?
What are these called
2 - Parietal (external) membrane
Visceral (internal) membrane
Pleura
If the pleural cavity fills with air what is it called?
pneumothorax
If the pleural cavity fills with blood what is it called?
haemothorax
If the pleural cavity fills with pus what is it called?
empyema
If the pleural cavity fills with a watery transudate or exudate what is it called?
pleural effusion
Where do the intercostal blood vessels and nerves run in relation to the ribs?
Posteriorly
(Intercostal nerves and vessels run in the costal groove along the
inferior border of each rib.)
Which organ do the phrenic nerves transverse?
The heart (or more accurately the middle mediastinum)
Which lung has 3 lobes?
Right
Which three components make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?
Bonus - What epithelium?
Bronchioles (Simple cuboidal)
Aveolar ducts (Simple cuboidal)
Aveoli (Simple squamous)
The nasal cavity is made up of two different types of cells?
Non-olfactory regions (Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)
Olfactory regions (Particularly thick pseudostratified
columnar epithelium, without
goblet cells,)
Vocal cord - what is it made of?
large bundle of
elastic fibres, running front to back
Which bronchus is more likely to get foreign objects going down in ?
Right
What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?
Pseudostratified
ciliated epithelium
Name 3 symptoms that CF patients get.
Sticky mucus in the lungs
Infertile (unformed vas deferens)
Reduced pancreatic secretions from blocked ducts (THICK SECRETIONS)
Clubbing
As bronchioles get smaller what do goblet cells turn into?
Clara cells
Clara cells secrete a surfactant lipoprotein
Alveoli are made up of two types of cells. What are they? %? Function
Type I - simple squamous 90%
Gas exchange
Type II simple cuboidal
Produce surfactant
What is EMPHYSEMA?
Destruction of alveolar walls, permanent enlargement of air spaces. Alveolar walls normally hold
bronchioles open, allowing air to leave the lungs on exhalation. When these walls are damaged, bronchioles collapse, making it difficult for the lungs to empty. Air becomes trapped in the alveoli
What causes EMPHYSEMA? 2
Smoking
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
What is PNEUMONIA?
Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria. Causes the swelling/hardening of tissue due to inflammatory cells
Which system to the breasts fall into?
Reproductive
What type of gland is it?
Modified APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND
What’s Poland syndrome?
2 effects
Rare birth defect
- No pecs on one side of the chest
- Webbing of fingers
How many lobes are there?
15-20
What is the name of the ligament that supports the breat?
Coopers suspensory ligament
Breast cancer effects how many people? Incidence
1/8
Name the 3 arteries that supply the breasts.
- External mammary
- Internal mammary
- Inter-costal arteries
Name 4 risk factors associated with breast cancer?
Sex Age Genetics (family history) Alcohol Obesity Radiation
What 4 things help reduced the risk of breast cancer
First pregnancy before the age of 30
Breast feeding
Exercise
Healthy organic diet?
What are the treatments? 2 kinds
Surgery
- Wide local excision
- Mastectomy
What is the term used to describe surface tension in water?
Co-hesion
What does parietal pleura cover?
Lines the chest wall
What does visceral pleura cover?
Covers the lung
Whats found between the two pleura?
Pleural fluid
Function of pleural fluid? 2
Reduced friction
Surface tension to prevent lung recoiling and collapsing
Whats the pressure in the pleural cavity?
Negative or
- 8cmH20 inspiration
- 4cmH20 exhalation
What happens if the pressure gradient drops?
Whats the clinical term for this?
Lungs collapse
pneumothorax
