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Body Logistics > BL2 > Flashcards

BL2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a organ defined as?

A

Two types of tissue

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2
Q

How are cells held together? 3

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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3
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Form a seal

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4
Q

Function of a desmosomes?

A

Strengthens

Stops stretching

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5
Q

Function of a gap junction?

A

Communication

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6
Q

How do cells anchor on the basement membrane? Give examples of where these are found?

A

Hemidesmosomes

Found in abrasive tissue such as skin epithelium of oral cavity

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7
Q

What’s a focal adhesion?

A

Attaches cells to basement membrane using their intracellular actin filaments

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8
Q

What’s the structure that the focal adhesion uses to bind to the basement membrane?

A

Integrins

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9
Q

What’s in integrin?

2 functions

A

Transmembrane protein that attaches a cells cytoskeleton to the extra cellular matrix

Two main functions are:
Attachment
Signal transduction

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10
Q

To get a tissue culture, how would you separate the cells?

A

Collagenases

Microdissection

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11
Q

Name the 6 types of cell communication.

A 
Direct contact (gap junctions
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Synaptic communication
Neurocrine
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12
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective tissue

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13
Q

Give four examples of specialised connective tissue?

A 
Adipose
Lymphatic
Blood
Haemopoietic
Cartilage
Bone
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14
Q

What is an epithelioid ?

A

Cells that don’t have a surface (epithelial)

Leydig cells in testes
Lutein in ovary
Islets of langerhans
Parenchyma of the adrenal gland

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15
Q

Three specialisations of the apical domain in an epithelial cell?

A

Microvilli
Stereocilia (sensory hairs and epididymis)
Cilia

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16
Q

Six functions of connective tissue?

A

1) Connects (duh)
2) Transportation (provides a medium for transportation)
3) Protection (cushions and sheaths)
4) storage
5) Defence
6) Wound healing

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17
Q

What is connective tissue made up of? 3

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substances

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18
Q

Types of fibres in connective tissue. 3

Bonus points for function

A

Collagen - flexible high tensile strength
Elastin- allows stretch and recoil
Reticular - provide a supporting framework/sponge

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19
Q

What’s the ground substance composed of in connective tissue?

A

Water
Proteoglycans (macromolecule consisting of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycans GAGs are covalently bonded)

A unique GAG is hyaluronic acid

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20
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

It’s a unique GAG. That binds the proteoglycans together to form a gigantic hydrophilic macromolecule

A GAG is a long chain polysaccharide that covelently binds to a core protein making a proteoglycan

Proteoglycans and water make up the ground substance in connective tissue

21
Q

What’s makes up the extra cellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibres

22
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose
- many cells, spared collagen fibres, abundant ground substance, important role in transport

Dense

  • few cells (nearly all fibroblasts)
  • many collagen fibres
  • little ground substance
23
Q

Where is loose connective tissue usually found?

A

Beneath epithelial tissue

Around small blood vessels

Associated with epithelium of glands

24
Q

What can dense connective tissue be broken down into?

Describe the structures
Composition
Effect on stress
Where is it found

A

Regular
- parallel bundles of collagen fibres
- designed to withstand stress in a single direction
E.g. found in tendons ligaments and aponeuroses

Irregular

  • collagen fibres in different directions
  • designed to withstand stress from different directions
    E.g. Submucosa of intestines and deep layer of demis
25
Q

Tendons and ligaments are types of what connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

26
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

27
Q

Cells of connective tissue. Fixed or free?

The different types?

A

Both
Fixed - fibroblasts, melanocytes, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells

Wandering cells
Leucocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

28
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Fibres and ground substance

Myofibroblasts are modified fibroblasts that contain actin. Responsible for contraction in wound healing

29
Q

What’s a mast cell?

Function
Structure

A

Contains multiple granules

  • histamine
  • heparin
  • substances that attract eosinophils and neutrophils

Secretion to substances to attract other cells/reactions

30
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

Type 1? %? Present in?

Type 2? present in?

Type 3? Know as?

A

28

Type one. 90%. Fibres arranged into fibres and bundles. Tendons, organ capsules, skin dermis

Type 2. Fibrils not fibres. Hyaline and elastic cartilage

Type 3. Form fibres round muscle, nerve and lymphatic tissues and organs. Known as reticulate

31
Q

Collagens structure is ?

How is it produced?

A

Triple helix of alpha chains

Procollagen is produced inside the cell and assembled outside. Vitamin C is needed for production of procollagen - scurvy

32
Q

What’s Marfan syndrome?

  • > type of disease
  • > Pathophys
  • > Side effects
A

Autosomal dominant disorder

Fibrillin gel is abnormal-> elastic tissue is abnormal. = more elastic tissue

Sufferers are tall, joint dislocations , and risk of catastrophic aortic rupture(aneurysm)

33
Q

What ghrelin do?

Leptin?

A

Ghrelin = appetite stimulator. Age gender and blood glucose affect ghrelin and is used to stimulate hunger

Leptin is stored and secreted by fat when you eat a meal. It tells the brain you are full

34
Q

What are the three general types of CT?

A

1) CT proper (loose and dense)
2) Specialised CT (blood&Lymph)
3) Supporting CT (cartilage,bones, bone marrow)

35
Q

CTs are made up of cells. Name 3 of the 5 cell types which are fixed.

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Fixed macrophages
  3. Mast Cells
  4. Adipose cells
  5. MELANOCYTES
36
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres in CTs?

A

Reticular
Collagen
Elastic

37
Q

What is senescence?

A

The process of age deterioration

38
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

39
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Un-planned cell death

40
Q

Why do necrotic cells swell and burst?

A

Failure of the Na/K ATPase

41
Q

What are the limits of pH?

A

6.8 to 7.8

42
Q

What organs are usually effected first due to pH changes

A

lungs
kidneys
liver

43
Q

What is shock?

A

Global cellular and tissue hypoxia/ reduced o2 delivery

44
Q

If a compartment has a high osmolarity… what does that mean?

A

It has a high conc of SOLUTES and PROTEINS

just proteins is called oncotic pressure

45
Q

What protein is the most abundant in the body?

HARD- where is it made?

A

Albumin
Liver
/\ in liver cirrhosis. Less albumin in blood -> fluid build up in interstitial space

46
Q

Whats the difference between collagen fibres and reticular fibres?

A

Collagen - FLEXIBLE with high TENSILE STRENGTH

Reticular - SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK

47
Q

How do you identify between loose and dense connective tissue? )break it down(

A

Loose - more cells, sparse collagen fibres, lots of ground substance

Dense - few cells (fibroblasts), many collagen fibres, not much ground substance

48
Q

What CT is an aponeurosis made up of?

A

Dense Regular CT

49
Q

What is Fibrillin?

A

Componant that is needed to for elastin

Produced by fibroblasts

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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