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Body Logistics > BL 9 > Flashcards

BL 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the name of the tongue?

A

Lingula

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2
Q

What are the two functions of salava?

A

To wet the food

Break down the food

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3
Q

What are the four layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
External muscle layers
SEROSA

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4
Q

Whats the name of the first layer that lining of the gut?

A

Mucosa

  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularise mucosae
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularise mucosae
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6
Q

Name a function of the sub mucosa?

A

Secretion from glands

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7
Q

Name a structure of the sub mucosa?

A 
a layer of connective tissue bearing:
glands,
arteries, 
veins
nerves
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8
Q

The muscular layer of the gut wall can be broken down into two types of muscle?

A

Inner - circular muscle

Outer - Longitudinal muscle

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9
Q

What are the enzymes in salava?

A

Amylase (carbs) and Lipase (fats)

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10
Q

Does the upper oesophagus have voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary

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11
Q

Does the lower oesophagus have voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

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12
Q

What are the two nerve plexi in the oesophagus?

A

Myenteric plexus

Submucosal plexus

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is osophagus?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinised)

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14
Q

What are Parietal cells?

A

Parietal cells secrete H+
ions into the lumen and HCO3 ions into nearby capillaries, which move it
to surface mucous cells.

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15
Q

What are Enteroendocrine cells?

A

include G cells which secrete gastrin. The wider gastric mucosa responds to this hormone by secreting acid.

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16
Q

What are Chief cells?

A

secrete pepsinogens

which are converted into pepsins which partly hydrolyse proteins. Found at the base of the pit

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17
Q

What three things are secreted into the dodenum

A

Chyme from stomach
Bile from Gall bladder (store)
Pancreatic Juices

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18
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Made in the liver

Stored in the gall bladder

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19
Q

Function of duodenum?

Think of what is secreted by where and its effect (4)

A

1) Water drawn in(chyme becomes isotonic)
2) Secretion of Bile (neutralisation and emulification)
3) Pancreatic juices (neutralise and digestive enzymes)
4) Absorption of Iron

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20
Q

The enzymes from the pancreas have 4 functions…

A

Cleave peptides to amino acids
Cleave polysaccharides to monosaccharides
Break down and re-form lipids
Break down nucleic acids

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21
Q

How long is the small intestine (fun fact lol)

A 
22 ft (7meters) 
tennis court surface area
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22
Q

Where do sugars get absorbed?

A

Mostly in Jejunum

23
Q

Where do amino acids get absorbed?

A

Mostly in Jejunum

24
Q

Where do fatty acids get absorbed?

A

Mostly in Jejunum

25
Q

Where does Vit B12 get absorbed?

A

Ileum

26
Q

Where does bile acids get absorbed?

A

Ileum

27
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the crypts of the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

28
Q

How long does water recovery take in the large bowel?

A

20 hours

29
Q

Name one process that uses the gut bacteria to function

A

synthesis of vitamins K, B12, thiamine and riboflavine
• breakdown of 10 to 20 bile acids
• conversion of bilirubin to non-pigmented metabolites
- (all readily absorbed)

30
Q

What are the types of neural control in the gut.

A

Somatic (mouth and first ⅓ of oesophagus, last sphincter of anus)

Post ganglionic neurones form plexuses

  • one between muscle layers of gut wall
  • one between submucosa and muscularis externa
31
Q

What does secretin do?

A

promotes (bicarbonate) secretion from duct cells

of pancreas

32
Q

What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?

A

synthesised and secreted by enteroendocrine cells of the
duodenum
1. promotes release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas
2. promotes release of bile from gall bladder (stimulates it to contract)
3. is a hunger supressant

33
Q

Three main blood vessel of the liver. Name and explain.

A

Portal Vein - Nutrient rich vein going to the liver
Proper Hepatic Artery - O2 rich artery going to liver
Hepatic Vein - Leaving liver

34
Q

What does catabolic mean?

A

breaking down reactions

35
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A

Building reactions

36
Q

What are the two capillary systems in series, in a human body?

A

1) Hepatic-Portal System

2) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

37
Q

Hepatic-Portal System. If you imaginw it. How many capillary beds are there? Where are these? What is the name of the vein between them?

A

2 Capillary Beds
Stomach and Intestine
Liver
Hepatic Portal Vein

38
Q

Function of the liver. 5

A 
Metabolism (anabolic and Catabolic)
Storage - Carbs and Fats 
Production of Bile
Detoxification
Protein Metabolism
39
Q

Why is ammonia dangerous?

A

It can cross the blood-brain barrier.

The liver can convert this to urea

40
Q

What doesnt travel in the portal vein?

A

Lipids

Fat soluble Vits ADEK

41
Q

What does the Liver store?

A 
Iron
Vit A
B12
D
K
Glycogen
42
Q

Anabolism in the liver examples.. 2/4

A

Albumin
Glycogen
Numerous coagulation factors
Haematopoiesis in fetus

43
Q

Catabolism/breakdown/toxin degredation in the liver examples..? 3/5

A 
Drugs (cytochrome P450)
Hormones
Haemoglobin
Poisons (cytochrome P450)
Can take over removal of aged red cells after splenectomy
44
Q

Whats the livers exocrine function

A

Bile excretion

45
Q

Name something the liver produces. 1

A

Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoetin
Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

46
Q

What is the livers endocrine function?

A 
• It produces
Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoetin
IGF-1
• It modifies to active forms
Vitamin D
Thyroxine
• It breaks down
Insulin
Glucagon
Oestrogen and progesterone
47
Q

Whats characteristics of liver cells (histologically)

A

Lots of Mitochondria
Lots of Peroxisomes
Lots of RER
Lots of RIbosomes

48
Q

Blood to the liver?

A 
Portal Vein (75%)
Proper Hepatic Artery (25%)
49
Q

Whats a sinusoid?

A

Irregular tubular space for the passage of blood, taking the place of capillaries and venules in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

50
Q

How many sides does a Liver lobule have?

Which direction does the blood flow?

A

6

Towards the centre

51
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Kupffer cells are monocyte derived specialist macrophages that form
part of the lining of the sinusoids

52
Q

Stellate Cells

A

Stellate cells are full of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing Vitamin
A. A source of vitamin A

53
Q

What are the roles of bile?

A

Neutralisation

Emulsification

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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