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Body Logistics > BL 8 > Flashcards

BL 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats myalgia?

A

Muscle Pain

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2
Q

Myoclonus?

A

Sudden spasm of the muscle

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3
Q

Explain the 3 muscle types morphology

A

Skel: Long parallel cyclinders
Card: Short branched cyclinders
Sm: Spindle shaped

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4
Q

Explain the 3 muscle types innervation/control

A

Skel: Somatic motor control
Card: Intrinsic, involuntary modification
Sm: Involuntary, autonomic intrinsic activity

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle has 3 types of fibres? Which is the sprinters or marathon runner?

A

Red - Marathon runner
Intermediate
White - Sprinter

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6
Q

Explain the structure of a muscle from the actin-myosin fibres up

A

Muscle Fibre (Endomysium)
Fascicle (perimysium)
Muscle, bundle of fascicles (epimysium)

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7
Q

Muscle structure sheaths. 3 types

A

Endo
Peri
Epi
myseum

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8
Q

How would you identify skeletal muscle? Nuclei

A

Striations
Multi-nucleaic
Arranged in fascicles

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9
Q

Striated Muscle. What are the dark strands?

what are the light strands?

A

A bands = Dark

H band = light

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10
Q

How do you remember the sarcomere lines and zones

A

Z is the end of the alphabet and Z is the end of the sarcomere.
M is the middle of the alphabet and M is in the middle of the sarcomere.
Attached to the M line are your Mighty Myosin (Mighty = thick filaments)
“My tits” (Sorry for the vulgar language) is for remembering that myosin is attached by titin to the Z line.
Actin (acthin) is the thin filament attached to the Z line.

H is a thick letter so only thick filaments are found in the H band.
I is a thin letter so I band has only thin filaments!

Myosin doesn’t like to change and is very bossy. So it not only took the middle M letter for the M line, but also took the A alphabet to represent

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11
Q

What happens in hypertrophy?

A

Increase contractile proteins so increased fibre diameter

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12
Q

What does stretching do?

A

Adds sarcomeres

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13
Q

Whats the name of the curve associated with sliding filament mechanism. And use for heart output?

A

Frank-starling curve

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14
Q

What can a troponin Assay detect?

A

Cardiac Ischaemia (1hr-20hrs)

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15
Q

Creatin Kinase detection?

A

Ck can be used to diagnose MIs and the proportion of its conc indicates size of MI

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16
Q

What does tropomysosin do when IC calcium is increased?

A

Ca binds to TropC and tropomyosin confirmationally changes revealing actin bind sites

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17
Q

4 steps in sliding filament theory

A

1) Myosin head attaches to actin binding site
2) POWER STROKE (pulls actin and ADP+Pi dissociates)
3) ATP attaches to myosin head and it detaches
4) ATP split which cocks the myosin head

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18
Q

Explain the events leading to a skeletal muscle contraction. 9

A
  1. Initiation: nerve impulse along motor neuron
    axon arrives at neuromuscular junction.
  2. Impulse prompts release of acetylcholine
    (Ach) into synaptic cleft causing local
    depolarization of sarcolemma.
  3. Voltage-gated Na+channels open; Na+
    enters cell.
  4. General depolarization spreads over
    sarcolemma and into T tubules.
  5. Voltage sensor proteins of T tubule
    membrane change their conformation.
  6. Gated Ca2+-release channels of adjacent
    terminal cisternae are activated by 5.
    7.Ca2+is rapidly released from the terminal
    cisternae into the sarcoplasm.
  7. Ca2+binds to the TnC subunit of troponin.
  8. The contraction cycle is initiated and Ca2+
    is returned to the terminal cisternae of
    sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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19
Q

Cardiac Muscle structural characteristics? 4

A

Striations
Centrally positioned Nuclei (1or2)
Intercalated discs
Branching

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20
Q

Whats hypertropy and hyperplasia?

A

cellular hypertrophy = increased cell size

cellular hyperplasia = increased cell number

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21
Q

Whats ANP?
Whens it released?
Whats its effect?

A

Atrial Naturetic Peptide
Released in atrium due to stretch
Decreased blood volume

22
Q

Whats BNP?
Whens it released?
Whats its effect?

A

Brain natriuretic peptide
Ventricles (10X lower affinity but double half life compared to ANP)
Reduces BP by naturesis and decreases in systematic vascular resistance

23
Q

How does ANP/BNP relate to RAASystem

A

natriuretic peptides serve as a counter-regulatory system for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

24
Q

Myopathy?

A

Any disease of the muscles

25
Q

Myasthenia

A

Weakness of the muscles

26
Q

What does sarkos mean?

A

Flesh

27
Q

What is the function of myoglobin?

A

Like Haemoglobin storage and transport of O2

28
Q

What is in the I band?

A

Just Actin

29
Q

What is in the A band

A

Actin and myosin.

It is the length of the myosin filament

30
Q

On a histology slide what is the darker band?

A

A band

31
Q

What is atropy?

A

Destruction of muscle

32
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

Increasing the size of the cell or increased cell diameter

33
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

Increasing the number of cells

34
Q

What does calcium bind to in the SF theory?

A

Troponin Complex (TnI, TnC, TnT)

35
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Ca binds to Troponin complex and pulls on the tropomysosin (sitting on the actin fibres) releasing actin binding sides

36
Q

Whats a marker for cardiac ischaemia?

A

Troponin

37
Q

What does a rise in plasma creatin kinase suggest? 3

A 
Heart attack
muscular dystrophy
vigorous physical exercise
intramuscular injection
acute kidney injury
38
Q

Are there myofibrils in cardaic muscle?

A

No. Actin and myosin filaments form a continuous mass in cytoplasm

39
Q

Which type of muscle has intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle

40
Q

What are two main effects of Naturetic peptides?

A

Reduces Blood Volume (stops renin releases)

Reduces Vascular resistance (vasodilation)

41
Q

What may be high in the plasma during heart disease?

A

Naturetic Peptides

42
Q

How are myosin and actin filaments arranged in a smooth muscle cell?

A

Diagonally

43
Q

Can skeletal muscle cells divide?

A

No. They can fuse and repair themselves better than Cardiac cells

44
Q

Can cardiac muscle cells divide?

A

No. Apon damage fibrobasts invade and lay down scar tissue

45
Q

Can smooth muscle cells divide?

A

Yes

46
Q

Functions of Circulation system? 4 main

A 
Transportation (Nutrients in 
Waste out)
Body defence
Temperature Regulation
Maintains pH and homeostasis
47
Q

How much blood does an average adult have?

A

5 litres

48
Q

Where does the majority of our blood lie?

A

Periphery 65%

Heart and Lungs 20%

49
Q

Whats an End Artery?

A

An artery that supplies a part of the body without a significant collateral circulation

50
Q

Name the three sections of the arteries?

A 
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media (40 layers of smooth muscle +CT)
Tunica Intima (epithelial)
51
Q

Metarterioles?

A

Arteries that supply blood to capillary beds are called

metarterioles

52
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Left side of the heart

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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