Biostats/Ethics

Question 1

good screening test

Answer 1

sensitive tests (negative results are reliable)

Question 2

PPV increases as

Answer 2

prevalence increases

Question 3

negative predictive value is most useful when

Answer 3

prevalence is low

Question 4

null hypothesis

Answer 4

by chance

Question 5

goal of research

Answer 5

reject the null hypothesis

Question 6

the chance the null hypothesis was rejected due to error

Answer 6

p value

Question 7

type 1 error

Answer 7

p value - rejected the null hypothesis in error

Question 8

type 2 error

Answer 8

accepted the null hypothesis in error (deemed study not significant even though it was)

Question 9

internal validity reflects

Answer 9

accuracy

Question 10

external validity reflects

Answer 10

generalizability

Question 11

whether a test actually measures what it is intended to measure

Answer 11

validity

Question 12

consistency or repeatability of scores

Answer 12

reliability

Question 13

absolute risk reduction

Answer 13

rate in untreated group - rate in treated group

Question 14

number needed to treat

Answer 14

1/rate in untreated - rate in treated (1/ARR)

Question 15

number of newly diagnosed cases in a period of time

Answer 15

incidence

Question 16

total number of cases that exist in a population

Answer 16

prevalence

Question 17

strongest to weakest studies

Answer 17

randomized controlled, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case study

Question 18

comparing a group with an exposure to a group without an exposure

Answer 18

cohort study

Question 19

limitations of cohort study

Answer 19

requires large sample size, expensive and requires a long time period

Question 20

check for risk factors in a patient with the disease and a patient without

Answer 20

case-control study

Question 21

study that is useful with small sample sizes, long latency periods or rare outcomes

Answer 21

case-control studies

Question 22

observational study looking for associations between two factors at one point in time

Answer 22

cross-sectional study

Question 23

conditions that growth hormone is FDA approved for

Answer 23

prader-willi, Turner syndrome and chronic renal insufficiency

Question 24

near miss

Answer 24

an error that does not cause harm

Question 25

sentinel event

Answer 25

unexpected death or serious injury during medical care

Question 26

statistical parameter that refers to how well a test correctly identifies those in a population with a given disease

Answer 26

sensitivity

Question 27

parameter that identifies how well a test rules in those in a population who have a given disease

Answer 27

specificity

Question 28

measure that helps determine the usefulness of a screening test

Answer 28

positive predictive value