bioooo Flashcards
What are the types of plant asexual reproduction?
A. Budding
B. Vegetative Propagation
C. Fragmentation
D. Spore Formation
What is budding in plant asexual reproduction?
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a bud due to cell division at one particular site.
What are the stages of the budding process?
- Initiation: A small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent organism.
- Maturation: The bud develops into a miniature version of the parent.
- Separation: The bud detaches or remains attached.
What are the types of budding?
- Exogenous Budding
- Endogenous Budding
What is exogenous budding?
The bud develops externally, as seen in hydra.
What is endogenous budding?
The bud develops internally before emerging, as seen in certain sponges.
Give an example of an organism that reproduces by budding.
Yeast: A unicellular fungus that forms a bud which eventually detaches.
What are the advantages of budding?
- Rapid reproduction and growth.
- No need for a mate, ensuring survival in isolated environments.
- Genetically identical offspring, preserving advantageous traits.
What are the disadvantages of budding?
- Lack of genetic diversity, making the species vulnerable to environmental changes.
- Overcrowding due to rapid reproduction, leading to competition for resources.
What is vegetative propagation?
It is a form of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, or leaves.
What are the types of vegetative propagation?
- Natural Vegetative Propagation
- Artificial Vegetative Propagation
What is natural vegetative propagation?
Occurs without human intervention.
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by roots?
Adventitious buds on roots grow into new plants (e.g., sweet potato, dahlia).
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by leaves?
Some plants develop buds along leaf margins which grow into new plants (e.g., Bryophyllum).
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by stems?
Specialized stems like runners, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs develop into new plants.
What is artificial vegetative propagation?
Involves human intervention for rapid multiplication.
What is cutting in artificial vegetative propagation?
A piece of stem, root, or leaf is cut and planted to grow into a new plant (e.g., rose, hibiscus).
What is layering in artificial vegetative propagation?
A branch is bent to the ground and covered with soil, where it develops roots and grows into a new plant (e.g., jasmine, blackberry).
What is grafting in artificial vegetative propagation?
A shoot or bud from one plant is joined to the stem of another plant to grow together as one (e.g., apple, mango).
What is tissue culture in artificial vegetative propagation?
A modern technique where cells or tissues are grown in nutrient media under sterile conditions to produce new plants.
What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?
- Rapid multiplication of plants.
- Retention of desirable characteristics (genetically identical offspring).
- Bypasses the immature seedling phase, leading to faster growth and earlier flowering/fruiting.
What are the disadvantages of vegetative propagation?
- Lack of genetic diversity, making plants susceptible to diseases and adverse environmental changes.
- Reduced adaptability to changing environments.
What is fragmentation in plant reproduction?
Fragmentation reproduction is a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece of the plant, called fragment, of the parent breaks off and develops into an independent offspring.
What are the processes of fragmentation?
- Cut or Break a Part of the Plant: Take a piece of the plant, like a stem, root, or leaf.
- Plant the Fragment: Place the fragment in soil or water.
- Wait for Growth: The fragment will grow roots and shoots.
Give an example of fragmentation.
Succulents like aloe vera, jade plant, and stonecrop.
What is spore formation?
Spore formation is a type of asexual reproduction involving the production of tiny, specialized cells called spores that can grow into new organisms.
What are the processes of spore formation?
- Spore Creation: The parent plant produces spores.
- Spore Release: Spores are released into the environment.
- Growth: Spores grow in a suitable environment.
What are the parts involved in spore formation?
- Hyphae: Long, thin threads that help absorb nutrients.
- Spores: Tiny cells that can grow into a new organism.
- Sporangium: Structure where spores are made and stored.
Give an example of organisms that undergo spore formation.
Commonly found in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some plants such as ferns and mosses.
What are the main components of plant sexual reproduction?
A. Pollen and Egg Formation
B. Pollination
C. Fertilization
D. Germination
What is pollen?
Pollen contains the sperm of plants and must be transferred to the female part of a plant for sexual reproduction.
What are the stages of pollen grain formation?
- Microsporocyte Formation
- Meiosis
- Microspore Formation
- Pollen grain maturation
Where do egg cells develop?
Egg cells develop in ovules, tiny structures embedded in the ovary at the base of the pistil.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part of the flower.
What are the types of pollination?
- Self Pollination
- Cross Pollination
What is self-pollination?
The process of pollen moving from the male part of a flower to the female part of the same flower.
What are the types of self-pollination?
A. Autogamy
B. Geitonogamy
What is autogamy?
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma within the same flower.
What is geitonogamy?
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma between different flowers on the same plant.
What is cross-pollination?
The process of transferring pollen from one plant to another.
What is xenogamy?
Pollen grain transfer occurs across flowers of two different plants.
What are pollinating agents?
Organisms that move pollen grains from a flower to another, such as birds, insects, bats, and wind.
What is fertilization?
Fertilization is when a male cell (pollen) joins with a female cell (egg) to form a new seed.
What are the steps of fertilization?
- Pollen lands on the flower and grows a tiny tube to the ovule.
- The male cell travels through this tube and joins with the female cell.
- This forms a seed.
What are the types of fertilization?
- Porogamy: Pollen tube enters the ovule from the top.
- Chalazogamy: Pollen tube enters from the back.
- Mesogamy: Pollen tube enters from the side.
What is germination?
When a seed lands in the right conditions (water, air, and warmth), it germinates (starts growing).
What are the steps of germination?
- The seed absorbs water and swells.
- The seed coat breaks open.
- The radicle (root) grows downward.
- The plumule (shoot) grows upward.
What conditions affect germination?
- Water
- Oxygen
- Temperature
