bioooo Flashcards
What are the types of plant asexual reproduction?
A. Budding
B. Vegetative Propagation
C. Fragmentation
D. Spore Formation
What is budding in plant asexual reproduction?
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a bud due to cell division at one particular site.
What are the stages of the budding process?
- Initiation: A small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent organism.
- Maturation: The bud develops into a miniature version of the parent.
- Separation: The bud detaches or remains attached.
What are the types of budding?
- Exogenous Budding
- Endogenous Budding
What is exogenous budding?
The bud develops externally, as seen in hydra.
What is endogenous budding?
The bud develops internally before emerging, as seen in certain sponges.
Give an example of an organism that reproduces by budding.
Yeast: A unicellular fungus that forms a bud which eventually detaches.
What are the advantages of budding?
- Rapid reproduction and growth.
- No need for a mate, ensuring survival in isolated environments.
- Genetically identical offspring, preserving advantageous traits.
What are the disadvantages of budding?
- Lack of genetic diversity, making the species vulnerable to environmental changes.
- Overcrowding due to rapid reproduction, leading to competition for resources.
What is vegetative propagation?
It is a form of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, or leaves.
What are the types of vegetative propagation?
- Natural Vegetative Propagation
- Artificial Vegetative Propagation
What is natural vegetative propagation?
Occurs without human intervention.
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by roots?
Adventitious buds on roots grow into new plants (e.g., sweet potato, dahlia).
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by leaves?
Some plants develop buds along leaf margins which grow into new plants (e.g., Bryophyllum).
How does natural vegetative propagation occur by stems?
Specialized stems like runners, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs develop into new plants.
What is artificial vegetative propagation?
Involves human intervention for rapid multiplication.
What is cutting in artificial vegetative propagation?
A piece of stem, root, or leaf is cut and planted to grow into a new plant (e.g., rose, hibiscus).
What is layering in artificial vegetative propagation?
A branch is bent to the ground and covered with soil, where it develops roots and grows into a new plant (e.g., jasmine, blackberry).
What is grafting in artificial vegetative propagation?
A shoot or bud from one plant is joined to the stem of another plant to grow together as one (e.g., apple, mango).
What is tissue culture in artificial vegetative propagation?
A modern technique where cells or tissues are grown in nutrient media under sterile conditions to produce new plants.
What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?
- Rapid multiplication of plants.
- Retention of desirable characteristics (genetically identical offspring).
- Bypasses the immature seedling phase, leading to faster growth and earlier flowering/fruiting.
What are the disadvantages of vegetative propagation?
- Lack of genetic diversity, making plants susceptible to diseases and adverse environmental changes.
- Reduced adaptability to changing environments.
What is fragmentation in plant reproduction?
Fragmentation reproduction is a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece of the plant, called fragment, of the parent breaks off and develops into an independent offspring.
What are the processes of fragmentation?
- Cut or Break a Part of the Plant: Take a piece of the plant, like a stem, root, or leaf.
- Plant the Fragment: Place the fragment in soil or water.
- Wait for Growth: The fragment will grow roots and shoots.
