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Biology Unit 5 Flashcards

0
Q

What is heredity?

A

The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring

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1
Q

_____________ is the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring

A

HEREDITY

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2
Q

What is the study of heredity?

A

GENETICS

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3
Q

What is genetics?

A

THE STUDY OF HEREDITY

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4
Q

___________________- the differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of a population

A

GENETIC VARIATION

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5
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of a population

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6
Q

Who was “The Father of Genetics” ?

A

GREGOR MENDEL

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7
Q

__________ states that there will usually be one trait that will show up more often than others

A

THE LAW OF DOMINANCE

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8
Q

A ______________ can mask another allele

A

DOMINANT ALLELE

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9
Q

What is a characteristic that shows up more often than others called?

A

DOMINANT ALLELE

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10
Q

The _______________ is the allele that is being masked by the dominant allele

A

RECESSIVE ALLELE

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11
Q

What represents the dominant allele?

A

A CAPITAL LETER

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12
Q

What represents the recessive allele?

A

A lowercase letter

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13
Q

__________________ states that each individual has 2 factors for each trait

A

LAW OF SEGREGATION

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14
Q

_________________ states that the factors separate during the formation of gametes

A

THE LAW OF SEGREGATION

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15
Q

________________ states that each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors

A

LAW OF SEGREGATION

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16
Q

________________ states that fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait

A

The Law of Segregation

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17
Q

What does the Law of Segregation entail?

A

Each individual has 2 factors for each trait
The factors separate during the formation of gametes
Each gameete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait

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18
Q

The ________________ is illustrated by a dihybrid cross

A

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

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19
Q

__________________ states that members of any gene pair segregates from one another independently of the members of other gene pairs

A

The LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

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20
Q

What ensures that each gamete receives one allele for each locus?

A

THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

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21
Q

What was the crop that Mendel used to run his experiments?

A

GARDEN PEAS

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22
Q

Why did Mendel use the crop that he did?

A

EASY TO GROW
SHORT GROWING SEASON
EASILY CROSS POLLINATE
SEVERAL VARIABLE CHARACTERISTICS

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23
Q

How many characteristics did Mendel identify when observing the garden pea?

A

34 CHARACTERISTICS

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24
Q

How many garden pea characteristics did Mendel test when running his experiments?

A

22

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25
Q

What were the 7 main characteristics of the garden pea that Mendel observed?

A 
HEIGHT
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
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26
Q

Mendel first developed _____________________ strains

A

PURE BREEDING (HOMOZYGOUS)

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27
Q

What is another name for “pure breeding”

A

HOMOZYGOUS

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28
Q

What is the P-GENERATION?

A

Parent Generation

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29
Q

What is the F-1 Generation?

A

OFFSPRING FROM THE PARENTS

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30
Q

What is the F-2 Generation?

A

OFFSPRING FORM THE OFFSPRING

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31
Q

What is the expected genotypic ration from a monohybrid cross between 2 individuals heterozygous for one trait?

A

1:2:1

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32
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross between 2 individuals heterozygous for one trait?

A

3:1

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33
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for two traits?

A

9:3:3:1

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34
Q

What is the determined sex if there is a Y chromosome present?

A

MALE

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35
Q

What is the determined sex if there is the absence of a Y chromosome?

A

FEMALE

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36
Q

The __________________ carries additional genes besides the determination of sex

A

THE X-CHROMOSOME

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37
Q

The ____________ DOES NOT carry additional genes

A

Y CHROMOSOME

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38
Q

_______________ states that 2 alleles of one gene may mask the expression of another gene’s alleles

A

EPISTASIS

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39
Q

_______________ are the outward expression of a person’s genotype and environmental conditions

A

PHENOTYPES

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40
Q

The _____________ predicts the combined probabilities of independent events

A

MULTIPLICATION LAW

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41
Q

What are the, “ AND + AND” problems?

A

MULTIPLICATION LAW PROBLEMS

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42
Q

“An individual of genotype AaBbCc is mated with an individual of genotype AABBCc. What fraction of their offspring will be AABbcc?

This is an example of what kind of problem

A

MULTIPLICATION LAW EXAMPLE

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43
Q

In _____________ problems, one must both multiply and add.

A

ADDITION LAW PROBLEMS

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44
Q

The _____________ problems are the “or” problems

A

ADDITION LAW

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45
Q

The ____________ predicts the combined probabilities of mutually exclusive events

A

ADDITION LAW

46
Q

How do you solve addition law problems?

A

You have to figure out probability of the 1st event and then add it to the probability of the 2nd event

47
Q

“AaBbCCDdee is mated to AABBccDdEe. What is the possibility of having na offspring thqt is either AaBBCcDDee or AABbCcDdee?”

This is an example of what kind of problem?

A

ADDITION LAW PROBLEM

48
Q

A _______________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

A

MUTATION

49
Q

What are the three possible results of mutations?

A

SILENT
HARMFUL
USEFUL

50
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A

BASE SUBSTITUTION
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATION

51
Q

A _____________ results in replacement of one amino acid by another in a protein sequence

A

BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATION

52
Q

The _______________ mutation is the simplest kind of mutation

A

BASE SUBSTITUTION

53
Q

There is a wide range of results (harmless to destroyed protein function) in what kind of mutation?

A

BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATION

54
Q

In a ________________ mutation, 1 or 2 nucleotide pairs are inserted into or deleted from the molecule altering the reading of a codon

A

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

55
Q

In a _________________ mutation production of entirely new peptide chains begins after the mutation

A

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

56
Q

What kind of mutation results in loss of enzyme/protein activity?

A

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

57
Q

What kind of mutation occurs due to movement of transposons?

A

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS

58
Q

____________________ mutations are large DNA sequences that jump into the middle of genes

A

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS

59
Q

A ____________________ mutation can disrupt that gene and previously made genes to turn off or on.

A

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATION

60
Q

What are three main causes of mutations?

A

HOTSPOTS
PREVIOUSLY MUTATED GENES
MUTAGENS

61
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

A region of DNA that have repeated nucleotides in sequence can cause DNA polymerase to slip

62
Q

A ____________ is a region of DNA that has repeated nucleotides in sequence can cause DNA polymerase to slip

A

HOTSPOT

63
Q

What are some examples of mutagens?

A

RADIATION (X-RAYS, UV, GAMMA, COSMIC,)
CHEMICALS
CARCONOGENS

64
Q

What is another name for “Non-Disjunction”?

A

ANEUPLOIDIES

65
Q

_________________ is the result of an abnormal meiotic division in which chromosomes fail to separate at anaphase

A

NON-DISJUNCTION

66
Q

The PRESENCE of an extra chromosome or the ABSENCE of a chromosome can be called what three things?

A

DISOMY
TRISOMY
MONOSOMY

67
Q

_________________ - normal condition- two of each kind

A

DISOMY

68
Q

_______________- extra chromosome- three of one kind

A

TRISOMY

69
Q

_____________- lacks one member of a pair of chromosomes

A

MONOSOMY

70
Q

What is another name for Trisomy 13?

A

PATAU SYNDROME

71
Q

In ________________ syndrome, there are multiple defects, most cases are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells

A

PATAU SYNDROME

72
Q

In _______________ most do not survive gestation and are spontaneously aborted. Typical death by age 3 months.

A

PATAU SYNDROME

73
Q

What is another name for Trisomy 18?

A

EDWARDS SYNDROME

74
Q

In __________________ Syndrome, additional chromosome usually occurs before conception. Ear deformities, heart defects, and muscle deformity.

A

EDWARDS SYNDROME

75
Q

In _________________ Syndrome, 50% do not survive gestation, and the typical death age is about 1 year.

A

EDWARDS

76
Q

What is another name for Trisomy 21?

A

DOWN SYNDROME

77
Q

__________________ Syndrome is a genetic disorder

A

DOWN SYNDROME

78
Q

________________ syndrome results from males with two X chromosomes. (XXY)

A

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

79
Q

Small testes, produce few or no sperm, and are unusually tall.

These are signs of what syndrome?

A

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

80
Q

In ____________________ syndrome there is only one X chromosome and no other

A

TURNER SYNDROME

81
Q

_________________ syndrome develops as females, both internal and external genital structures are underdeveloped

A

TURNER SYNDROME

82
Q

_________________ syndrome only occurs in females

A

TURNER SYNDROME

83
Q

The ________________ is a disorder that results in learning problems, delayed emotional maturity, speech/reading problems.

A

XXY KARYOTYPE

84
Q

What was once thought “criminal tendencies”

A

XXY KARYOTYPE

85
Q

__________________ Syndrome results from the deletion of part of the #5 chromosome

A

CRI DU CHAT

86
Q

In babies, this syndrome occurs in a cat-like cry due to abnormal larynx development

A

CRI DI CHAT SYNDROME

87
Q

In 80% of _____________ syndrome cases, deletion comes from the father’s sperm

A

CRI DI CHAT SYNDROME

88
Q

_________________ results in a defect in amino acid metabolism

A

PKU

89
Q

In _________________, it inhibits the ability to metabolize Phenylalanine correctly

A

PKU

90
Q

______________ damages the brain causing severe mental retardation, but appears normal at birth

A

PKU

91
Q

What disorder results in sickle cells, abnormal hemoglobin molecules, slows blood flow, blocks small vessels, and anemia?

A

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

92
Q

_______________ is abnormally viscous mucus that clogs the respiratory passageways

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

93
Q

________________ makes it hard for the cilia to remove the mucus, thus becomes growth culture medium for other bacterial organisms

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

94
Q

50% of people with this disorder live into their twenties

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

95
Q

___________________ attacks the central nervous system, causing blindness, severe retardation, and death before 5 years of age

A

TAY SACH’S DISEASE

96
Q

_________________ takes an onset between 35-50 years of age

A

HUNTINGTONS DISEASE

97
Q

_________________ results in severe mental and physical deterioration

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

98
Q

People with ________________ have a 50% chance of passing on the trait to any children, and there is not effective treatment to this disease

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

99
Q

_________________ is a condition in which there is a lack of a blood clotting factor. Factor 8

A

HEMOPHILIA

100
Q

In what condition is there severe bleeding from only a slight wound?

A

HEMOPHILIA

101
Q

What sex is primarily affected from Red-Green Colorblindness?

A

MALES

102
Q

What term means the “identity of chromosomes”?

A

KARYOTYPING

103
Q

What are three ways to karyotype chromosomes?

A

LENGTH
BANDING PATTERN
LOCATION OF CENTROMERE

104
Q

_______________ is the removing of cells in amniotic fluid to analyze

A

AMNIOCENTESIS

105
Q

__________________ is the taking of cells from chorionic villi

A

CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING (CVS)

106
Q

What are the two Sex-linked conditions?

A

HEMOPHILIA

RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS

107
Q

What is the Autosomal Dominant Condition talked about in the notetaker?

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

108
Q

What are the Autosomal Recessive Conditions discussed in the notetaker?

A

PKU
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
TAY SACH’S DISEASE

109
Q

What is the Deletion Condition discussed in the notetaker?

A

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

110
Q

What are the Trisomic Conditions discussed in the notetaker?

A

TRISOMY 13- PATAU SYNDROME
TRISOMY 18- EDWARDS SYNDROM
TRISOMY 21- DOWN’S SYNDROME

111
Q

What is the sex chromosome pair number?

A

PAIR # 23

112
Q

What are the sex related disorders discussed in the notetaker?

A

KLINEFELTER SYNNDROM
TURNER SYNDROME
XXY KARYOTYPE

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