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Personal Decks > Biology Unit 4 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the stages to a cell’s life?

A

BORN
WORK
DIVIDE
DIE

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1
Q

In order for a cell to survive, it must _____________________ , therefore cells must stay small.

A

Maintain a high surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

“____________” produces 2 genetically identical cells

A

DIVIDING

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3
Q

What are some reasons for cells to divide?

A

To repair/replace
To pass (genetic/protein synthesis) information to next generation..
For growth

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4
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meosis

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5
Q

Do all cells divide?

A

No

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6
Q

What are some kinds of cells that do not divide?

A

Nerve cells
Skeletal muscle
Red blood cells

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7
Q

What part of the cell is the most important during cell division?

A

The nucleus

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8
Q

Why is the nucleus so important during cell division?

A

Because it holds the DNA

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9
Q

What is the DNA like in prokaryotic cells?

A

It is singular, circular molecule that is twisted and folded into compact package

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain much more ____________ than prokaryotic cells

A

DNA

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11
Q

The DNA in eukaryotes is found in ______________

A

THE NUCLEUS

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12
Q

Chromosomes are made up of what?

A

Genes

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13
Q

Genes are part of the __________

A

DNA (refer back to model)

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14
Q

_____________ are structures that contain genes (physical carriers of genes)

A

CHROMOSOMES

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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16
Q

How many chromosomes do cats have?

A

38

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17
Q

How many chromosomes do dogs have?

A

78

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18
Q

How many chromosomes do sheep have?

A

54

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19
Q

Most species have between how many chromosomes?

A

10-50 chromosomes

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20
Q

A species can’t reproduce if the ___________ does not match

A

Chromosome number

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21
Q

Each chromosome contains ___________

A

Genes

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22
Q

A _____________ is a portion of DNA molecule that contains the necessary information to make a protein

A

GENE

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23
Q

What is a gene exactly?

A

A portion of DNA molecule that contains the necessary information to make a protein

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24
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

More than 100,000

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25
Q

What are the long, uncoiled chromosomes (interphase) called?

A

CHROMATIN

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26
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Long, uncoiled chromosomes

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27
Q

In each ______________, there is a single DNA molecule containing identical sets of information

A

CHROMATID

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28
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A single DNA molecule containing identical sets of information

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29
Q

A _______________ is the point where two chromatids are attached

A

CENTROMERE

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30
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The part of the metaphase chromosomes where two chromatids are attached

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31
Q

In the first step of DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA _____________/unzips exposing free ______________. (__________)

A

UNWINDS
NUCLEOTIDES
DNA HELICASE

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32
Q

___________________ reads exposed nucleotides and retrieves ________________. (Occurs in opposite directions)

A

DNA POLYMERASE

COMPLIMENTARY NUCLEOTIDE

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33
Q

What fills in the gaps between added nucleotide?

A

DNA LIGASE

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35
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Fills in the gaps between added nucleotide

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36
Q

After DNA ligase fills in gaps between the added nucleotides, ______________ “roof reads”

A

DNA POLYMERASE

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37
Q

After DNA polymerase “proof reads”, the two resulting strands of DNA _______________

A

WIND BACK UP

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38
Q

What is the end result of DNA replication?

A

There are two copies of each DNA molecule with each molecule being half original and half new

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39
Q

What is the term that is used to describe each DNA molecule being half original half new?

A

SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

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40
Q

Only a single parent takes part in which type of reproduction?

A

ASEXUAL

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41
Q

How many parents are used in asexual reproduction?

A

ONE

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42
Q

In asexual reproduction, offspring have hereditary traits that are _____________________

A

IDENTICAL TO SINGLE PARENT

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43
Q

In what kind of reproduction do the offspring have hereditary traits identical to single parent?

A

ASEXUAL

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44
Q

______________ reproduction is rapid

A

ASEXUAL

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45
Q

_________________ reproduction is very efficient

A

ASEXUAL

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46
Q

What is the basis of asexual reproduction?

A

MITOSIS

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47
Q

There is genetic uniformity in what type of reproduction? (clones)

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

48
Q

In sexual reproduction, there are how many parents?

A

TWO

49
Q

There are two parents in which type of reproduction?

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

50
Q

In sexual reproduction, gametes fuse to form a ________________

A

ZYGOTE

51
Q

Gametes fuse to form a zygote in what kind of reproduction?

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

52
Q

There is genetic variability in which form of reproduction?

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

53
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A SEX CELL

54
Q

Meiosis is also called _________________

A

GAMETOGENESIS

55
Q

Gametogenesis is another name for _____________

A

MEIOSIS

56
Q

Meiosis is what kind of division?

A

`A REDUCTION DIVISION

57
Q

________________ is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and thus maintains the correct chromosome number during sexual reproduction (fertilization)

A

A REDUCTION DIVISION

58
Q

What is a reduction division?

A

a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, maintaining the correct chromosome number during sexual reproduction.

59
Q

How many division stages/phases does meiosis require?

A

TWO

60
Q

What are the two division stages of meiosis division called?

A

IPMAT IPMAT

61
Q

There is no duplication during _________________

A

INTERPHASE TWO

62
Q

_______________ are similar in length, shape, other features, and carry similar attributes

A

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

63
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

A chromosome that is similar in length, shape, other features, and carry similar attributes

64
Q

__________________ contain only one member of each homologous chromosome pair

A

HAPLOID CELLS

65
Q

What is another way two write “haploid” cells?

A

(n) cells

66
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell containing only one member of each chromosome pair

67
Q

Fully formed gametes are ____________

A

HAPLOID

68
Q

__________________ cells contain both members of a homologous pair

A

DIPLOID

69
Q

What is another way to write “diploid” cells?

A

(2n) cells

70
Q

Most human somatic cells are _________________

A

DIPLOID CELLS

71
Q

_______________ is the formation of sex cells

A

MEIOSIS

72
Q

__________ is the formation of 4 sperm cells

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

73
Q

_________ is the formation of 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies

A

OOGENESIS

74
Q

__________ occurs in somatic tissues

A

MITOSIS

75
Q

Mitosis produces _________ cells

A

SOMATIC

76
Q

What kind of cells does mitosis produce?

A

SOMATIC CELLS

77
Q

How many divisions per cycle does Mitosis go through?

A

ONE

78
Q

Mitosis goes from __________ cells to _____________ cells

A

DIPLOID

DIPLOID

79
Q

What is the basis for asexual reproduction?

A

MITOSIS

80
Q

Mitosis is the basis for ________________

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

81
Q

What is the basis for asexual reproduction?

A

MITOSIS

82
Q

___________ occurs in the reproductive organs

A

MEIOSIS

83
Q

Meiosis produces ___________

A

GAMETES

84
Q

How many divisions per cycle does meiosis go through?

A

TWO

85
Q

Meiosis goes from _____________ cells to ___________ cells

A

DIPLOID

HAPLOID

86
Q

Meiosis is the basis for _______________ reproduction

A

SEXUAL

87
Q

What is the basis for sexual reproduction?

A

MEIOSIS

88
Q

___________ is the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei

A

FERTILIZATION

89
Q

What is fertilization?

A

THE FUSION OF THE EGG AND SPERM NUCLEI

90
Q

What does fertilization do?

A

It re-establishes the Diploid (2n) chromosome number

91
Q

What is the cell formed by fertilization called?

A

ZYGOTE (fertilized egg)

92
Q

The “book” of protein-building instructions

A

DNA MOLECULES

93
Q

What do DNA molecules use to “write the book” of protein building instructions?

A

ADENINE
THYMINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE

94
Q

What is the process of making RNA from DNA?

A

TRANSCRIPTION

95
Q

______________ catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the unwound portion during transcription

A

RNA POLYMERASE

96
Q

What replaces thymine in RNA?

A

URACIL

97
Q

What would be the corresponding RNA sequence from this sequence of DNA?

ACCTGAT

A

UGGACUA

98
Q

During transcription, what is the newly formed strand of RNA called?

A

MESSENGER RNA or mRNA

99
Q

____________ carries the message of how to make the protein

A

mRNA

100
Q

_____________ can leave the nucleus through nuclear pores and enter into the cytoplasm where it can then begin building proteins

A

mRNA

101
Q

_______________ is the process of making a protein from mRNA

A

TRANSLATION

102
Q

__________ are groups of 3 nucleotides “triplets”

A

CODONS

103
Q

UGGACUA

UGG CUA

UGG is an example of what?

A

A CODON

104
Q

What do triplet codons correspond to?

remember the chart

A

SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS

105
Q

What is it called when some triplet codons code for the same Amino Acid?

A

“REDUNDANCY”

106
Q

____________ reads the message in groups of three

A

rRNA

107
Q

In what order does transcription and translation occur?

A

TRANSCRIPTION 1ST

TRANSLATION 2ND

108
Q

What make proteins?

A

A STRING OF AMINO ACIDS

109
Q

mRNA becomes attached to the ______________

A

rRNA

110
Q

What is rRNA?

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA

111
Q

What goes and gets the amino acid?

A

tRNA

112
Q

What is tRNA?

A

TRANSFER RNA

113
Q

rRNA reads the mRNA and directs _____________ to pick up necessary amino acids

A

tRNA

114
Q

What are amino acids bonded together by?

A

PEPTIDE BONDS

115
Q

_____________ are modified by rough ER and then sent out or used as required by the cell

A

PROTEINS

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