Biology Unit 4 Flashcards
0
Q
What are the stages to a cell’s life?
A
BORN
WORK
DIVIDE
DIE
1
Q
In order for a cell to survive, it must _____________________ , therefore cells must stay small.
A
Maintain a high surface area to volume ratio
2
Q
“____________” produces 2 genetically identical cells
A
DIVIDING
3
Q
What are some reasons for cells to divide?
A
To repair/replace
To pass (genetic/protein synthesis) information to next generation..
For growth
4
Q
What are the two types of cell division?
A
Mitosis and Meosis
5
Q
Do all cells divide?
A
No
6
Q
What are some kinds of cells that do not divide?
A
Nerve cells
Skeletal muscle
Red blood cells
7
Q
What part of the cell is the most important during cell division?
A
The nucleus
8
Q
Why is the nucleus so important during cell division?
A
Because it holds the DNA
9
Q
What is the DNA like in prokaryotic cells?
A
It is singular, circular molecule that is twisted and folded into compact package
10
Q
Eukaryotic cells contain much more ____________ than prokaryotic cells
A
DNA
11
Q
The DNA in eukaryotes is found in ______________
A
THE NUCLEUS
12
Q
Chromosomes are made up of what?
A
Genes
13
Q
Genes are part of the __________
A
DNA (refer back to model)
14
Q
_____________ are structures that contain genes (physical carriers of genes)
A
CHROMOSOMES
15
Q
How many chromosomes do humans have?
A
46
16
Q
How many chromosomes do cats have?
A
38
17
Q
How many chromosomes do dogs have?
A
78
18
Q
How many chromosomes do sheep have?
A
54
19
Q
Most species have between how many chromosomes?
A
10-50 chromosomes
20
Q
A species can’t reproduce if the ___________ does not match
A
Chromosome number
21
Q
Each chromosome contains ___________
A
Genes
22
Q
A _____________ is a portion of DNA molecule that contains the necessary information to make a protein
A
GENE
23
Q
What is a gene exactly?
A
A portion of DNA molecule that contains the necessary information to make a protein
24
How many genes do humans have?
More than 100,000
25
What are the long, uncoiled chromosomes (interphase) called?
CHROMATIN
26
What is chromatin?
Long, uncoiled chromosomes
27
In each ______________, there is a single DNA molecule containing identical sets of information
CHROMATID
28
What is a chromatid?
A single DNA molecule containing identical sets of information
29
A _______________ is the point where two chromatids are attached
CENTROMERE
30
What is a centromere?
The part of the metaphase chromosomes where two chromatids are attached
31
In the first step of DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA _____________/unzips exposing free ______________. (__________)
UNWINDS
NUCLEOTIDES
DNA HELICASE
32
___________________ reads exposed nucleotides and retrieves ________________. (Occurs in opposite directions)
DNA POLYMERASE
| COMPLIMENTARY NUCLEOTIDE
33
What fills in the gaps between added nucleotide?
DNA LIGASE
35
What does DNA ligase do?
Fills in the gaps between added nucleotide
36
After DNA ligase fills in gaps between the added nucleotides, ______________ "roof reads"
DNA POLYMERASE
37
After DNA polymerase "proof reads", the two resulting strands of DNA _______________
WIND BACK UP
38
What is the end result of DNA replication?
There are two copies of each DNA molecule with each molecule being half original and half new
39
What is the term that is used to describe each DNA molecule being half original half new?
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION
40
Only a single parent takes part in which type of reproduction?
ASEXUAL
41
How many parents are used in asexual reproduction?
ONE
42
In asexual reproduction, offspring have hereditary traits that are _____________________
IDENTICAL TO SINGLE PARENT
43
In what kind of reproduction do the offspring have hereditary traits identical to single parent?
ASEXUAL
44
______________ reproduction is rapid
ASEXUAL
45
_________________ reproduction is very efficient
ASEXUAL
46
What is the basis of asexual reproduction?
MITOSIS
47
There is genetic uniformity in what type of reproduction? (clones)
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
48
In sexual reproduction, there are how many parents?
TWO
49
There are two parents in which type of reproduction?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
50
In sexual reproduction, gametes fuse to form a ________________
ZYGOTE
51
Gametes fuse to form a zygote in what kind of reproduction?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
52
There is genetic variability in which form of reproduction?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
53
What is a gamete?
A SEX CELL
54
Meiosis is also called _________________
GAMETOGENESIS
55
Gametogenesis is another name for _____________
MEIOSIS
56
Meiosis is what kind of division?
`A REDUCTION DIVISION
57
________________ is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and thus maintains the correct chromosome number during sexual reproduction (fertilization)
A REDUCTION DIVISION
58
What is a reduction division?
a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, maintaining the correct chromosome number during sexual reproduction.
59
How many division stages/phases does meiosis require?
TWO
60
What are the two division stages of meiosis division called?
IPMAT IPMAT
61
There is no duplication during _________________
INTERPHASE TWO
62
_______________ are similar in length, shape, other features, and carry similar attributes
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
63
What is a homologous chromosome?
A chromosome that is similar in length, shape, other features, and carry similar attributes
64
__________________ contain only one member of each homologous chromosome pair
HAPLOID CELLS
65
What is another way two write "haploid" cells?
(n) cells
66
What is a haploid cell?
A cell containing only one member of each chromosome pair
67
Fully formed gametes are ____________
HAPLOID
68
__________________ cells contain both members of a homologous pair
DIPLOID
69
What is another way to write "diploid" cells?
(2n) cells
70
Most human somatic cells are _________________
DIPLOID CELLS
71
_______________ is the formation of sex cells
MEIOSIS
72
__________ is the formation of 4 sperm cells
SPERMATOGENESIS
73
_________ is the formation of 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies
OOGENESIS
74
__________ occurs in somatic tissues
MITOSIS
75
Mitosis produces _________ cells
SOMATIC
76
What kind of cells does mitosis produce?
SOMATIC CELLS
77
How many divisions per cycle does Mitosis go through?
ONE
78
Mitosis goes from __________ cells to _____________ cells
DIPLOID
| DIPLOID
79
What is the basis for asexual reproduction?
MITOSIS
80
Mitosis is the basis for ________________
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
81
What is the basis for asexual reproduction?
MITOSIS
82
___________ occurs in the reproductive organs
MEIOSIS
83
Meiosis produces ___________
GAMETES
84
How many divisions per cycle does meiosis go through?
TWO
85
Meiosis goes from _____________ cells to ___________ cells
DIPLOID
| HAPLOID
86
Meiosis is the basis for _______________ reproduction
SEXUAL
87
What is the basis for sexual reproduction?
MEIOSIS
88
___________ is the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei
FERTILIZATION
89
What is fertilization?
THE FUSION OF THE EGG AND SPERM NUCLEI
90
What does fertilization do?
It re-establishes the Diploid (2n) chromosome number
91
What is the cell formed by fertilization called?
ZYGOTE (fertilized egg)
92
The "book" of protein-building instructions
DNA MOLECULES
93
What do DNA molecules use to "write the book" of protein building instructions?
ADENINE
THYMINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
94
What is the process of making RNA from DNA?
TRANSCRIPTION
95
______________ catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the unwound portion during transcription
RNA POLYMERASE
96
What replaces thymine in RNA?
URACIL
97
What would be the corresponding RNA sequence from this sequence of DNA?
ACCTGAT
UGGACUA
98
During transcription, what is the newly formed strand of RNA called?
MESSENGER RNA or mRNA
99
____________ carries the message of how to make the protein
mRNA
100
_____________ can leave the nucleus through nuclear pores and enter into the cytoplasm where it can then begin building proteins
mRNA
101
_______________ is the process of making a protein from mRNA
TRANSLATION
102
__________ are groups of 3 nucleotides "triplets"
CODONS
103
UGGACUA
UGG CUA
UGG is an example of what?
A CODON
104
What do triplet codons correspond to?
| remember the chart
SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS
105
What is it called when some triplet codons code for the same Amino Acid?
"REDUNDANCY"
106
____________ reads the message in groups of three
rRNA
107
In what order does transcription and translation occur?
TRANSCRIPTION 1ST
| TRANSLATION 2ND
108
What make proteins?
A STRING OF AMINO ACIDS
109
mRNA becomes attached to the ______________
rRNA
110
What is rRNA?
RIBOSOMAL RNA
111
What goes and gets the amino acid?
tRNA
112
What is tRNA?
TRANSFER RNA
113
rRNA reads the mRNA and directs _____________ to pick up necessary amino acids
tRNA
114
What are amino acids bonded together by?
PEPTIDE BONDS
115
_____________ are modified by rough ER and then sent out or used as required by the cell
PROTEINS
