Biology Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Organic compounds are _________ bonded ___________ atoms that form the backbone of organic macromolecules
A
COVALENTLY
CARBON
2
Q
What are the four organic macromolecules?
A
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
3
Q
_____________ contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
A
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4
Q
Organic molecules are usually ________________ than inorganic molecules
A
LARGER
5
Q
The many bonds of organic molecules results in ______________
A
A LOT OF ENERGY
6
Q
___________ forms four covalent bonds
A
CARBON
7
Q
____________ can be single, double, or single
A
CARBONAL COVALENT BONDS
8
Q
______________ are very strong
A
CARBONAL COBALENT BONDS
9
Q
___________________ are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen
A
HYDROCARBONS
10
Q
_____________ have the same molecular formula but have a different structural formula
A
ISOMERS
11
Q
Glucose, fructose, and galactose have a molecular formula of ______________
A
C_6 H_12 0_6
12
Q
What are the three different types of isomers?
A
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS
ENTIOMERS
13
Q
_____________ differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms
A
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
14
Q
_______________ have the same bond arrangement but different ____________ __________ of atoms
A
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
15
Q
____________ are mirror images
A
ENOTIOMERS
16
Q
A ____________ is a molecule that acts as a building block for other, larger molecules
A
MONOMER
17
Q
A monosaccharide and an amino acid is an example of a ________________
A
MONOMER
18
Q
A ___________ is a molecule composed of two monomers bonded together.
A
DIMER
19
Q
A disaccharide and dipeptide is an example of a ______________
A
DIMER
20
Q
_____________ are larger molecules, formed b bonding many monomers together.
A
POLYMERS
21
Q
Polysaccharides and proteins are examples of _____________
A
POLYMERS
22
Q
Most macromolecules are _____________
A
POLYMERS
23
Q
What are group of atoms that determine the types of chemical reactions and associations in which compounds participate?
A
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
24
Q
_____________ most readily form associations with other molecules
A
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
25
What represents the part of the molecule that the functional group is attached?
"R"
26
__________ can be many atoms
"R"
27
What are the five functional groups to recognize?
```
HYDROXYL GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
CARBOXYL GROUP
AMINO GROUP
PHOSPHATE GROUP
```
28
What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-O-H
HYDROXYL GROUP
29
What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-C=O
CARBONYL GROUP
30
What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-COOH
CARBOXYL GROUP
31
Name this functional group based on the given bond:
| NH2
AMINO GROUP
32
Name this functional group based on the given bond:
| PO_4 H_2
PHOSPHATE GROUP
33
What are the two different kind of reactions involving water?
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS AND CONDENSATION REACTIONS
34
Based on the name, what does hydrolysis mean?
BREAKING DOWN WITH WATER ADDED
35
In the event of a hydrolysis reaction, polymers are broken down into their smaller monomers, ________ water
ADD
36
What is another name for condensation reactions?
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
37
What is the method that is used to connect monomers and remove water?
CONDENSATION REACTIONS
38
___________ are also referred to as dehydration synthesis reactions
CONDENSATION REACTIONS
39
Carbohydrate means _______________
CARBON AND WATER
40
Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
41
What is the elemental ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates? (respectively)
( 1 ::2 :: 1 )
42
____________ are used mainly as an energy source in humans.
CARBOHYDRATES
43
Carbohydrates are used as _______________ in plants and animals. Specifically insects.
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
44
What are the four types of carbohydrates?
SUGARS
STARCHES
CELLULOSE
CHITIN
45
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
MONOSACCHARIDES
46
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of ______________
MONOSACHARRIDES
47
What is the most abundant monosaccharide?
GLUCOSE
48
The word disaccharide means _______________
"TWO SUGARS"
49
_____________ are two monosaccharide rings bonded together
DISACCHARIDES
50
Disaccharides are formed by _________________
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
51
What are three examples of disaccharides?
MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE
52
What two monosaccharides make up maltose?
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
53
What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
54
What two monosaccharides make up lactose?
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
55
_____________ are long chains of monosaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES
56
What are the four examples of polysaccharides ?
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
CHITIN
57
____________ is a polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose only
STARCH
58
__________ is a form of stored glucose found only in plants used as a food reserve
STARCH
59
___________ is longer and more branched than cellulose
STARCH
60
___________ is similar to starch, but is found only in animals
GLYCOGEN
61
What is a form of stored glucose that is used as a food reserve?
GLYCOGEN
62
____________ is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth
CELLULOSE
63
______________ is a polysaccharide composed of beta glucose
CELLULOSE
64
____________ is the structural component of plant cell walls called fiber and cannot be digested by humans.
CELLULOSE
65
_______________ is shorter and less branched than starches
CELLULOSE
66
What the complex carbohydrate in bug exoskeletons?
CHITIN
67
What is the equation used to calculate molecular mass of a polysaccharide?
X(C6H12O6) - ( X - 1) (H2O)
68
A __________ is a carbohydrate but has much less oxygen
LIPID
69
C21H38O6 is an example of what?
LIPID
70
What are the functions of lipids?
ENERGY STORAGE
HORMONE REGULATION
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES
71
________________ are insoluble in water
LIPIDS
72
Lipids aren't soluble in water, but what are they soluble in?
CHLOROFORM AND OTHER NONPOLAR SOLVENTS
73
____________ tend be hydrophobic
LIPIDS
74
What are the five general types of lipids?
```
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
STEROIDS (STEROLS)
WAXES
CAROTENOIDS
```
75
What are the most abundant lipid in living organisms?
TRIGLYCERIDES
76
Fats and oils are examples of _______________
TRIGLYCERIDES
77
What are the building blocks of triglycerides?
GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY SOMETHINGS
78
What are the three types of triglycerides?
SATURATED FATS
UNSATURATED FATS
TRANS FATS
79
A saturated fat is a ________ atom saturated with ___________ atoms.
CARBON
| HYDROGEN
80
Saturated fats are _____________ at rom temperature
SOLID
81
What is the source of saturated fats?
ANIMAL FATS
82
Bacon grease, lard, and butter are examples of _____________
SATURATED FATS
83
______________ is the BAD fat
SATURATED FATS
84
Unsaturated fats are _____________ at room temperature
LIQUID
85
What is the source of unsaturated fats?
PLANT FATS
86
Corn oil and canola oil are examples of _____________
UNSATURATED FATS
87
These are known as the "GOOD" fats
UNSATURATED FATS
88
```
These fats are:
Technically unsaturated
Mimic properties of saturated fats
More solid at room temperature
Increase risk of cardiovascular disease
"Hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated"
```
TRANS FATTY ACIDS
89
Phospholipids are composed of a _____________ glycerol head and _____________ fatty acid tails (amphipathic).
HYDROPHILLIC (loves water)
| HYDROPHOBIC
90
_____________ are the major components of cell membranes.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
91
___________ are naturally occurring fat-soluble compounds
STEROIDS
92
Steroids are made of what?
CONNECTED RINGS OF CARBON
93
____________ are components of cell membranes and used to synthesize hormones
STEROIDS
94
Cholesterol, bile salts, and hormones are examples of _________________
STEROIDS
95
A ____________ is a lipid composed of fatty acids and an alcohol other than glycerol.
WAX
96
Lanolin, cutin, bees wax, carnuba, and cerumen are examples of ________________
WAXES
97
_____________ orange and yellow plant pigments
CAROTENOIDS
98
________________ can be converted into vitamin A and then the visual pigment retinal in some animals
CAROTENOIDS
99
Proteins usually contain what four elements?
CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN
100
What are the building blocks of proteins?
AMINO ACIDS
101
How many amino acids are there in a protein?
20
102
What holds the amino acids together?
PEPTIDE BONDS
103
What is the most versatile macromolecule?
PROTEINS
104
What are the six functions of proteins?
```
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
ENERGY SOURCE
MESSENGERS
CATALYSTS
DEFENSE
TRANSPORT
```
105
What is an example of protein structural material?
KERATIN
106
What is an example of proteins as an energy source?
MUSCLE CONTRACTION (actin/myosin)
107
What is an example of a protein's function as a messenger?
HORMONES
108
What is an example of proteins catalyst function?
ENZYMES
109
What is an example of protein's defense function?
ANTIBODIES
110
What is an example of protein's transport function?
HEMOGLOBIN
111
__________ is composed of a central carbon atom.
AN AMINO ACID
112
A _____________ is composed of a carboxyl group
AMINO ACID
113
A ____________ is composed of a hydrogen group
AMINO ACID
114
A ______________ is composed of a "r" group
AMINO ACID
115
______________ is small to average size protein
HEMOGLOBIN
116
What determine's the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
DNA
117
What is the term used to describe a change in DNA?
MUTATION
118
A change in the DNA will cause a change in the ___________________
SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PROTEIN
119
What are the four levels of organization of a protein?
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
120
____________ is the amino acid sequence
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
121
AA-AA-AA (straight chain) is an example of what level of protein organization?
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
122
The _______________ structure results from hydrogen bonding (either Alpha helix or Pleated sheet)
SECONDARY
123
______________ structure depends on interactions among side chains
TERTIARY
124
______________ structure results from interactions among polypeptides
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
125
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
TO TRANSFER HEREDITY INFORMATION
TO TRANSFER ENERGY
TO DETERMINE WHAT PROTEINS A CELL MANUFACTURES
126
What are the three classes found in cells?
```
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
ADENOSINE TRI-PHOSPHATE (ATP)
```
127
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
NUCLEOTIDES
128
What are the three components of nucleotides?
5-CARBON SUGAR
NITROGEN BASE
PHOSPHATE
129
Who discovered DNA and RNA?
WATSON, CRICK
130
How many rings do purines have?
2 RINGS
131
What are purines composed of?
ADENINE
| GUANINE
132
Pyrimidines consist how many rings?
1 RING
133
Pyrimidines are composed of what ?
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
URACIL (IN RNA)
134
What is the sugar of DNA?
DEOXYRIBOSE
135
What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?
ADENINE
THYMINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
136
__________ is double stranded
DNA
137
What is the function of DNA?
HOLDS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
138
What is the sugar of RNA?
RIBOSE
139
What are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA?
ADENINE
GUANINE
URACIL
CYTOSINE
140
What is the function of RNA?
TO TRANSPORT DNA CODE DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
141
What is ATP?
IT IS THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL
142
What is adenosine composed of?
ADENINE + RIBOSE
143
What is the "high" energy phosphate bond?
THE 3RD OR LAST PHOSPHATE BOND
