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Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds are _________ bonded ___________ atoms that form the backbone of organic macromolecules

A

COVALENTLY

CARBON

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2
Q

What are the four organic macromolecules?

A

CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

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3
Q

_____________ contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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4
Q

Organic molecules are usually ________________ than inorganic molecules

A

LARGER

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5
Q

The many bonds of organic molecules results in ______________

A

A LOT OF ENERGY

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6
Q

___________ forms four covalent bonds

A

CARBON

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7
Q

____________ can be single, double, or single

A

CARBONAL COVALENT BONDS

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8
Q

______________ are very strong

A

CARBONAL COBALENT BONDS

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9
Q

___________________ are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen

A

HYDROCARBONS

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10
Q

_____________ have the same molecular formula but have a different structural formula

A

ISOMERS

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11
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose have a molecular formula of ______________

A

C_6 H_12 0_6

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12
Q

What are the three different types of isomers?

A

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS
ENTIOMERS

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13
Q

_____________ differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms

A

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS

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14
Q

_______________ have the same bond arrangement but different ____________ __________ of atoms

A

GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

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15
Q

____________ are mirror images

A

ENOTIOMERS

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16
Q

A ____________ is a molecule that acts as a building block for other, larger molecules

A

MONOMER

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17
Q

A monosaccharide and an amino acid is an example of a ________________

A

MONOMER

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18
Q

A ___________ is a molecule composed of two monomers bonded together.

A

DIMER

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19
Q

A disaccharide and dipeptide is an example of a ______________

A

DIMER

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20
Q

_____________ are larger molecules, formed b bonding many monomers together.

A

POLYMERS

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21
Q

Polysaccharides and proteins are examples of _____________

A

POLYMERS

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22
Q

Most macromolecules are _____________

A

POLYMERS

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23
Q

What are group of atoms that determine the types of chemical reactions and associations in which compounds participate?

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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24
Q

_____________ most readily form associations with other molecules

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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25
Q

What represents the part of the molecule that the functional group is attached?

A

“R”

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26
Q

__________ can be many atoms

A

“R”

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27
Q

What are the five functional groups to recognize?

A 
HYDROXYL GROUP 
CARBONYL GROUP
CARBOXYL GROUP 
AMINO GROUP 
PHOSPHATE GROUP
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28
Q

What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-O-H

A

HYDROXYL GROUP

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29
Q

What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-C=O

A

CARBONYL GROUP

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30
Q

What is the name of this functional group based on this bond:
R-COOH

A

CARBOXYL GROUP

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31
Q

Name this functional group based on the given bond:

NH2

A

AMINO GROUP

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32
Q

Name this functional group based on the given bond:

PO_4 H_2

A

PHOSPHATE GROUP

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33
Q

What are the two different kind of reactions involving water?

A

HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS AND CONDENSATION REACTIONS

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34
Q

Based on the name, what does hydrolysis mean?

A

BREAKING DOWN WITH WATER ADDED

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35
Q

In the event of a hydrolysis reaction, polymers are broken down into their smaller monomers, ________ water

A

ADD

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36
Q

What is another name for condensation reactions?

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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37
Q

What is the method that is used to connect monomers and remove water?

A

CONDENSATION REACTIONS

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38
Q

___________ are also referred to as dehydration synthesis reactions

A

CONDENSATION REACTIONS

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39
Q

Carbohydrate means _______________

A

CARBON AND WATER

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40
Q

Carbohydrates contain what three elements?

A

CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN

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41
Q

What is the elemental ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates? (respectively)

A

( 1 ::2 :: 1 )

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42
Q

____________ are used mainly as an energy source in humans.

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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43
Q

Carbohydrates are used as _______________ in plants and animals. Specifically insects.

A

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

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44
Q

What are the four types of carbohydrates?

A

SUGARS
STARCHES
CELLULOSE
CHITIN

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45
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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46
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of ______________

A

MONOSACHARRIDES

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47
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

GLUCOSE

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48
Q

The word disaccharide means _______________

A

“TWO SUGARS”

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49
Q

_____________ are two monosaccharide rings bonded together

A

DISACCHARIDES

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50
Q

Disaccharides are formed by _________________

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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51
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE

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52
Q

What two monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

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53
Q

What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

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54
Q

What two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE

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55
Q

_____________ are long chains of monosaccharides

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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56
Q

What are the four examples of polysaccharides ?

A

STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
CHITIN

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57
Q

____________ is a polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose only

A

STARCH

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58
Q

__________ is a form of stored glucose found only in plants used as a food reserve

A

STARCH

59
Q

___________ is longer and more branched than cellulose

A

STARCH

60
Q

___________ is similar to starch, but is found only in animals

A

GLYCOGEN

61
Q

What is a form of stored glucose that is used as a food reserve?

A

GLYCOGEN

62
Q

____________ is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth

A

CELLULOSE

63
Q

______________ is a polysaccharide composed of beta glucose

A

CELLULOSE

64
Q

____________ is the structural component of plant cell walls called fiber and cannot be digested by humans.

A

CELLULOSE

65
Q

_______________ is shorter and less branched than starches

A

CELLULOSE

66
Q

What the complex carbohydrate in bug exoskeletons?

A

CHITIN

67
Q

What is the equation used to calculate molecular mass of a polysaccharide?

A

X(C6H12O6) - ( X - 1) (H2O)

68
Q

A __________ is a carbohydrate but has much less oxygen

A

LIPID

69
Q

C21H38O6 is an example of what?

A

LIPID

70
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

ENERGY STORAGE
HORMONE REGULATION
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES

71
Q

________________ are insoluble in water

A

LIPIDS

72
Q

Lipids aren’t soluble in water, but what are they soluble in?

A

CHLOROFORM AND OTHER NONPOLAR SOLVENTS

73
Q

____________ tend be hydrophobic

A

LIPIDS

74
Q

What are the five general types of lipids?

A 
TRIGLYCERIDES 
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
STEROIDS (STEROLS) 
WAXES 
CAROTENOIDS
75
Q

What are the most abundant lipid in living organisms?

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

76
Q

Fats and oils are examples of _______________

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

77
Q

What are the building blocks of triglycerides?

A

GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY SOMETHINGS

78
Q

What are the three types of triglycerides?

A

SATURATED FATS
UNSATURATED FATS
TRANS FATS

79
Q

A saturated fat is a ________ atom saturated with ___________ atoms.

A

CARBON

HYDROGEN

80
Q

Saturated fats are _____________ at rom temperature

A

SOLID

81
Q

What is the source of saturated fats?

A

ANIMAL FATS

82
Q

Bacon grease, lard, and butter are examples of _____________

A

SATURATED FATS

83
Q

______________ is the BAD fat

A

SATURATED FATS

84
Q

Unsaturated fats are _____________ at room temperature

A

LIQUID

85
Q

What is the source of unsaturated fats?

A

PLANT FATS

86
Q

Corn oil and canola oil are examples of _____________

A

UNSATURATED FATS

87
Q

These are known as the “GOOD” fats

A

UNSATURATED FATS

88
Q 
These fats are: 
Technically unsaturated
Mimic properties of saturated fats
More solid at room temperature
Increase risk of cardiovascular disease
"Hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated"
A

TRANS FATTY ACIDS

89
Q

Phospholipids are composed of a _____________ glycerol head and _____________ fatty acid tails (amphipathic).

A

HYDROPHILLIC (loves water)

HYDROPHOBIC

90
Q

_____________ are the major components of cell membranes.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

91
Q

___________ are naturally occurring fat-soluble compounds

A

STEROIDS

92
Q

Steroids are made of what?

A

CONNECTED RINGS OF CARBON

93
Q

____________ are components of cell membranes and used to synthesize hormones

A

STEROIDS

94
Q

Cholesterol, bile salts, and hormones are examples of _________________

A

STEROIDS

95
Q

A ____________ is a lipid composed of fatty acids and an alcohol other than glycerol.

A

WAX

96
Q

Lanolin, cutin, bees wax, carnuba, and cerumen are examples of ________________

A

WAXES

97
Q

_____________ orange and yellow plant pigments

A

CAROTENOIDS

98
Q

________________ can be converted into vitamin A and then the visual pigment retinal in some animals

A

CAROTENOIDS

99
Q

Proteins usually contain what four elements?

A

CARBON
OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN

100
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

AMINO ACIDS

101
Q

How many amino acids are there in a protein?

A

20

102
Q

What holds the amino acids together?

A

PEPTIDE BONDS

103
Q

What is the most versatile macromolecule?

A

PROTEINS

104
Q

What are the six functions of proteins?

A 
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 
ENERGY SOURCE 
MESSENGERS
CATALYSTS 
DEFENSE 
TRANSPORT
105
Q

What is an example of protein structural material?

A

KERATIN

106
Q

What is an example of proteins as an energy source?

A

MUSCLE CONTRACTION (actin/myosin)

107
Q

What is an example of a protein’s function as a messenger?

A

HORMONES

108
Q

What is an example of proteins catalyst function?

A

ENZYMES

109
Q

What is an example of protein’s defense function?

A

ANTIBODIES

110
Q

What is an example of protein’s transport function?

A

HEMOGLOBIN

111
Q

__________ is composed of a central carbon atom.

A

AN AMINO ACID

112
Q

A _____________ is composed of a carboxyl group

A

AMINO ACID

113
Q

A ____________ is composed of a hydrogen group

A

AMINO ACID

114
Q

A ______________ is composed of a “r” group

A

AMINO ACID

115
Q

______________ is small to average size protein

A

HEMOGLOBIN

116
Q

What determine’s the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

A

DNA

117
Q

What is the term used to describe a change in DNA?

A

MUTATION

118
Q

A change in the DNA will cause a change in the ___________________

A

SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PROTEIN

119
Q

What are the four levels of organization of a protein?

A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

120
Q

____________ is the amino acid sequence

A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

121
Q

AA-AA-AA (straight chain) is an example of what level of protein organization?

A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

122
Q

The _______________ structure results from hydrogen bonding (either Alpha helix or Pleated sheet)

A

SECONDARY

123
Q

______________ structure depends on interactions among side chains

A

TERTIARY

124
Q

______________ structure results from interactions among polypeptides

A

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

125
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

TO TRANSFER HEREDITY INFORMATION
TO TRANSFER ENERGY
TO DETERMINE WHAT PROTEINS A CELL MANUFACTURES

126
Q

What are the three classes found in cells?

A 
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) 
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) 
ADENOSINE TRI-PHOSPHATE (ATP)
127
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

NUCLEOTIDES

128
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides?

A

5-CARBON SUGAR
NITROGEN BASE
PHOSPHATE

129
Q

Who discovered DNA and RNA?

A

WATSON, CRICK

130
Q

How many rings do purines have?

A

2 RINGS

131
Q

What are purines composed of?

A

ADENINE

GUANINE

132
Q

Pyrimidines consist how many rings?

A

1 RING

133
Q

Pyrimidines are composed of what ?

A

CYTOSINE
THYMINE
URACIL (IN RNA)

134
Q

What is the sugar of DNA?

A

DEOXYRIBOSE

135
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

ADENINE
THYMINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE

136
Q

__________ is double stranded

A

DNA

137
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

HOLDS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

138
Q

What is the sugar of RNA?

A

RIBOSE

139
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

ADENINE
GUANINE
URACIL
CYTOSINE

140
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

TO TRANSPORT DNA CODE DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

141
Q

What is ATP?

A

IT IS THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL

142
Q

What is adenosine composed of?

A

ADENINE + RIBOSE

143
Q

What is the “high” energy phosphate bond?

A

THE 3RD OR LAST PHOSPHATE BOND

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