Biology Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
____________ are the basic structural / functional unit of life.
A
CELLS
2
Q
Most _____________ become specialized (differentiated)
A
CELLS
3
Q
Cells vary in what five ways?
A
SIZE SHAPE FUNCTION LOCATION STRUCTURE
4
Q
___________ was an English scientist who first described cells in a cork.
A
ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
5
Q
Who was the Dutch naturalist that made lenses to observe cells such as bacteria, protists, blood, and sperm?
A
ANTON VAN LEEWENHOEK (1673)
6
Q
Who observed cells dividing?
A
VIRCHOW
7
Q
_____________ stated that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
A
THE CELL THEORY
8
Q
_____________ stated that all cells come from preexisting cells
A
THE CELL THEORY
9
Q
____________ is limited by cell surface area to volume ratio
A
CELL SIZE
10
Q
What is cell size limited by?
A
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO
11
Q
In a cell, surface area is the ____________
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
12
Q
Cell volume consists of what?
A
EVERYTHING INSIDE THE CELL
13
Q
The _____________ must be large enough relative to cell volume to regulate the passage of materials
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
14
Q
The surface area-to-volume ratio ________________ as a cell grows
A
DECREASES
15
Q
Cells must remain ____________ to maintain a higher surface area to volume ratio
A
SMALL
16
Q
The cells size and shape are related to its ___________
A
FUNCTION
17
Q
What are the two general types of cells?
A
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
18
Q
In __________ cells DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus.
A
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
19
Q
____________ contain both eubacteria and archaebacteria
A
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
20
Q
__________________ contain all other known organisms except eubacteria and archaebacteria.
A
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
21
Q
In ____________ , there are highly organized membrane-enclosed organelles
A
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
22
Q
What are the three basic parts of a cell?
A
CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
23
Q
What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell?
A
CELL MEMBRANE
24
Q
What regulates movement into and out of the cell?
A
CELL MEMBRANE
25
What controls the action of the cell?
NUCLEUS
26
The _______________ is a semi-fluid liquid between cell membrane and nucleus which contains organelles.
CYTOPLASM
27
The _________________ maintains integrity of cell by coming movement in/out
CELL MEMBRANE
28
The ____________ is "selectively permeable"
CELL MEMBRANE
29
The ____________ is very thin and flexible
CELL MEMBRANE
30
The _________________ is capable of minor repair but extensive damage results in cell death
CELL MEMBRANE
31
The cell membrane provides a ________________ for many reactions because of enzymes present in the membrane surface.
WORKING SURFACE
32
The cell membrane allow cells to ______________ like a dam
STORE ENERGY
33
What is the structure of the cell membrane composed of?
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
| PROTEINS
34
What is the phospholipid bilayer composed of?
WATER SOLUBLE, HYDROPHILLIC "HEADS" FORM THE SURFACE, AND WATER INSOLUBLE, HYDROPHOBIC "TAILS" FORM THE INTERIOR
35
The ______________ permeable to lipid soluble substances
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
36
Proteins are ______________ that turn the cell on or off
RECEPTORS
37
Proteins ____________ by ways of pores, channels, carriers that move substances which can't pass through the lipid layer
TRANSPORT
38
The _____________ of proteins speed up reactions
ENZYMES
39
BE ABLE TO DRAW THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
YOU GOT THAT DUMBASS ?
40
The control center of the cell
NUCLEUS
41
The _________________ is the nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
42
The nuclear envelope has what kind of membrane?
POROUS DOUBLE MEMBRANE
43
The _____________ separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
44
The _____________ is a dense collection of RNA and proteins
NUCLEOLUS
45
The nucleolus is the site of ______________ production
RIBOSOME
46
____________ are fibers of DNA and proteins
CHROMATIN
47
What stores information for the synthesis of proteins?
CHROMATIN
48
What is the jelly-like fluid that holds the cellular organelles and occupies the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane?
CYTOPLASM
49
What is the watery component in the cytoplasm?
CYTOSOL
50
Cytoplasm contains _____________
CYTOSOL
51
What is the "information highway" ?
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
52
The _____________ is a network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
53
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the _______________________ and _________________
CELL MEMBRANE
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
54
The ___________________ compartmentalizes and manufactures
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
55
What organelle is the surface area for chemical reactions?
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
56
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
SMOOTH ER
| ROUGH ER
57
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of ______________ and ____________________
LIPID SYNTHESIS
| DETOXIFYING ENZYMES
58
Cells of the liver have a lot of what kind of endoplasmic reticulum?
SMOOTH ER
59
The _______________ is an attachment place for ribosomes
ROUGH ER
60
Ribosomes manufacture what?
PROTEINS
61
Ribosomes are tiny, spherical granules composed of ______________ and ____________
PROTEIN
| RNA
62
_____________ are free floating or connect to the endoplasmic reticulum
RIBOSOMES
63
Ribosomes are the site of ________________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
64
Also known as dictysome
GOLGI APPARATUS (COMPLEX)
65
The Golgi complex is the _____________ that processes proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
"WAREHOUSE"
66
In animal cells, Golgi complex also manufactures ________________
LYSOSOMES
67
In plant cells, the Golgi bodies secrete the ______________ during mitosis.
NEW CELL WALLS
68
What are the "stomachs of the cell" ?
LYSOSOMES
69
Lysosomes are "suicide sacs" loaded with _______________
ENZYMES
70
White blood cells have many _____________ to defend the body and recycle dead cells
LYSOSOMES
71
Lysosomes are not found in ______________
PLANT CELLS
72
What is the organelle with fluid filled sacs with many and various functions?
VACUOLE
73
The _____________ may also contain stored food, salts, pigments, and metabolic wastes
VACUOLE
74
Plant cells have a very large _____________
"CENTRAL VACUOLE"
75
_____________ have multiple, smaller vacuoles
ANIMAL CELLS
76
What is the "powerhouse of the cell" ?
MITOCHONDRIA
77
What organelle is the center for aerobic cellular respiration and energy conversion?
MITOCHONDRIA
78
The __________ is enclosed by a double membrane
MITOCHONDRIA
79
What are the folds inside the mitochondria called?
CRISTAE
80
What is the fluid inside the mitochondria called?
MATRIX
81
_______________ are plastids that carry out photosynthesis
CHLOROPLASTS
82
What organelle is typically found in leaves and green stems of plants and also in algae?
CHLOROPLASTS
83
The inner membrane o chloroplasts encloses a fluid called what?
STROMA
84
The inner membrane of chloroplasts form into disk shaped structures called what?
THYLAKOIDS
85
Thylakoids are arranged into stacks called ______________
GRANA
86
What is another name for leucoplasts?
AMYLOPLASTS
87
What organelle is the colorless plastids that usually contain starch?
LEUCOPLASTS
88
_____________ are plastids that contain coloring pigment in plants, flowers and fruits, other than chlorophyll.
CHROMOPHYLL
89
What is the internal framework of a cell called?
CYTOSKELETON
90
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
MICROTUBULES
| MICROFILAMENTS
91
What is the protein of a microtubule?
TUBULIN (HOLLOW TUBES)
92
What has the "structural role" in the formation of the cytoskeleton?
MICROTUBULE
93
The _____________ in the cytoskeleton plays a part in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
MICROTUBUELS
94
The _____________ is a structural component of flagella and cilia
MICROTUBULE
95
What is the protein of microfilaments?
ACTIN
96
The component of the cytoskeleton that is flexible, and is the mechanical support for cell structure
MICROFILAMENT
97
What organelle has 9 sets of 3 attached microtubules?
CENTRIOLES
98
These organelles form right angles to each other to from centrosomes
CENTRIOLES
99
__________________ form a hollow cylinder near the nucleus
CENTRIOLES
100
____________________ form spindle fibers during mitosis in animal cells
CENTRIOLES
101
What are the organelles that are thin, movable structures that project from cell surface?
CILIA
| FLAGELLA
102
Cilia are _______________
SMALL AND NUMEROUS
103
Flagella are _______________
LONGER AND FEW IN NUMBER
104
What is the definition of cell transport?
THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS INTO OR OUT OF THE CELL
105
What is the ability of a membrane to allow things to get through?
PERMEABILITY
106
What are the three types of permeability?
PERMEABLE
IMPERMEABLE
SEMIPERMEABLE
107
What are five factors that influence permeability?
```
SIZE OF MOVING MOLEULE
LIPID SOLUBILITY
POLARITY (CHARGE)
CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE
PRESENCE OF CARRIER MOLECULES
```
108
What are the two types of movements into and out of the cell?
PASSIVE PROCESSES
| ACTIVE PROCESSES
109
__________________ processes require no cellular energy
PASSIVE
110
In passive processes, solute moves from areas of ____________ concentration to _______________
HIGH
| LOW
111
```
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Dialysis
These are all examples of.......
```
PASSIVE (PHYSICAL PROCESSES)
112
____________ processes require cellular energy
ACTIVE
113
In active processes, solute moves from areas of ______________ concentration to ____________ concentration
LOW
| HIGH
114
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
These are all examples of......
ACTIVE PROCESSES
115
What is the movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration?
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
116
What are the four factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
SIZE OF PARTICLE
SHAPE OF PARTICLE
ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF PARTICLES
TEMPERATURE
117
Facilitative diffusion uses _______________ to pass through the cell membrane
PROTEINS
118
________________ is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher water concentration to regions of lower water concentration due to the presence of a solute
OSMOSIS
119
What kind of membrane does water move through in osmosis?
A selectively permeable membrane
120
In osmosis, water is pulled through the membrane by a ______________
SOLUTE
121
What is the substance dissolved in a liquid called?
SOLUTE
122
What is the liquid?
SOLVENT
123
What is a solution composed of?
SOLVENT + SOLUTE
124
Water moves toward a ________________ concentration of ______________
HIGHER
| SOLUTES
125
Water passes through selectively permeable membrane from regions of _________________ water concentration to ___________________ water concentration.
HIGHER
| LOWER
126
What is osmosis driven by?
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
127
_________________ is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in the solution.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
128
______________ = the solute concentration inside/outside of the cell
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
129
Cells placed in a solution that is isotonic to them will be in ___________________
EQUILLIBRIUM
130
In an ______________ water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate, having no NET movement
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
131
In a ________________ the surrounding fluid has a higher solute concentration than the concentration within the cell
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
132
Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and __________________
SHRINK
133
In a ______________ there is a NET movement out of the cell
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
134
In a hypotonic solution, the surrounding fluid has a _____________ solute concentration than inside the cell
LOWER
135
Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will gain water and _____________
SWELL
136
What is an example of a cell swelling?
CYTOLISIS
137
What are two examples of cell shrinkage?
CRENATION (animal)
| PLASYMOLYSIS (plant)
138
________________ IS THE INTERNL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN WALLED CELLS SUCH AS PLANT CELLS
turgor pressure
139
What holds plants upright?
TURGOR PRESSURE
140
Increased turgor pressure in a plant cell causes ____________
TURGIDITY
141
________________ is the separating of the plasma membrane and the cell wall
PLASYMOLYSIS
142
____________ is a special type of diffusion
DIALYSIS
143
Dialysis separates _______________
SMALLER PARTICLES FROM LARGER PARTICLES
144
What is dialysis driven by?
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
145
Cells expend _______________ to carry on physiological (active) processes
METABOLIC ENERGY
146
____________ requires energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
147
This is when a cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance
ENDOCYTOSIS
148
What are the two types of endocytosis?
PINOCYTOSIS
| PHAGOCYTOSIS
149
What kind of substance is pinocytosis?
MOSTLY WATER
150
What kind of substance is phagocytosis?
SUBSTANCE IS A SOLID
151
What is the reverse of endocytosis?
EXOCYTOSIS
152
In _____________ substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of the cell
EXOCYTOSIS
153
The release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
waste products
proteins/hormones
These are all examples of ......
EXOCYTOSIS
154
What are the three functions of intercellular junctions?
FORM STRONG CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER::
PREVENT PASSAGE OF MATERIALS::
ALLOW FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS::
155
What are the four types of intercellular junctions?
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
DSMOSOMES
GAP JUNCTIONS
PLASMODESMOTA
156
In ___________, cells are fused with limited space
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
157
__________________ are located among cells that form linings (intestinal and blood-brain barrier)
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
158
_______________ form "spot welds" between cells
DESMOSOMES
159
Desmosomes are located _____________
AMONG OUTER SKIN CELLS
160
______________ are the tubular channels between cells
GAP JUNCTIONS
161
__________________ are located in cardiac muscle cells and the pancreas
GAP JUNCTIONS
162
Plasmodesmota are found in_____________
PLANT CELLS
163
________________ allow molecules/ions to pass through but no organelles
PLASMODESMOTA
164
The amount of energy required to break a bond
BOND ENERGY
165
The total (potential) bond energy In a system
ENTHALPY
166
Enthalpy is the _____________ in molecules
TOTAL ENERGY
167
The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to ______________
ENERGY TRANSFER
168
________________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released (lost)
OXIDATION
169
_______________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted (gained)
REDUCTION
170
What are two reactions that are metabolic reactions?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION
171
Photosynthesis is a ____________ reaction
ENDERGONIC
172
Cellular Respiration is a _______________
EXERGONIC REACTION
173
What is a metabolic process driven by the sun?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
174
12H2O + 6CO2 ---> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
175
What is the main route by which carbon and energy enter web of life?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
176
What are the two reactions photosynthesis consist of?
LIGHT DEPENDENT
| LIGHT INDEPENDENT
177
The light dependent reaction occurs in __________________
THYLAKOID MEMBRANE
178
_____________________ harvest sunlight which excite electrons and boost them to higher energy levels
PHOTOSYSTEMS 1 AND 2
179
_______________ is the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis
THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE
180
The light independent stage occurs in the _____________
STROMA
181
ATP donates energy to sites that build __________
GLUCOSE
182
Glucose is produced in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
183
NADPH donates H in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
184
Sunlight is trapped in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
185
Oxygen is released in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
186
ATP is made in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
187
Water splits in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
188
Carbon dioxide is used in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
189
What photosynthesis reaction occurs in the stroma?
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
190
What photosynthesis reaction occurs in the thylakoids?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
191
NADPH is made in what photosynthesis reaction?
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
