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Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____________ are the basic structural / functional unit of life.

A

CELLS

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2
Q

Most _____________ become specialized (differentiated)

A

CELLS

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3
Q

Cells vary in what five ways?

A 
SIZE 
SHAPE
FUNCTION
LOCATION
STRUCTURE
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4
Q

___________ was an English scientist who first described cells in a cork.

A

ROBERT HOOKE (1665)

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5
Q

Who was the Dutch naturalist that made lenses to observe cells such as bacteria, protists, blood, and sperm?

A

ANTON VAN LEEWENHOEK (1673)

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6
Q

Who observed cells dividing?

A

VIRCHOW

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7
Q

_____________ stated that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

A

THE CELL THEORY

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8
Q

_____________ stated that all cells come from preexisting cells

A

THE CELL THEORY

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9
Q

____________ is limited by cell surface area to volume ratio

A

CELL SIZE

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10
Q

What is cell size limited by?

A

SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

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11
Q

In a cell, surface area is the ____________

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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12
Q

Cell volume consists of what?

A

EVERYTHING INSIDE THE CELL

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13
Q

The _____________ must be large enough relative to cell volume to regulate the passage of materials

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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14
Q

The surface area-to-volume ratio ________________ as a cell grows

A

DECREASES

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15
Q

Cells must remain ____________ to maintain a higher surface area to volume ratio

A

SMALL

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16
Q

The cells size and shape are related to its ___________

A

FUNCTION

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17
Q

What are the two general types of cells?

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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18
Q

In __________ cells DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus.

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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19
Q

____________ contain both eubacteria and archaebacteria

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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20
Q

__________________ contain all other known organisms except eubacteria and archaebacteria.

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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21
Q

In ____________ , there are highly organized membrane-enclosed organelles

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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22
Q

What are the three basic parts of a cell?

A

CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM

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23
Q

What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell?

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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24
Q

What regulates movement into and out of the cell?

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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25
Q

What controls the action of the cell?

A

NUCLEUS

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26
Q

The _______________ is a semi-fluid liquid between cell membrane and nucleus which contains organelles.

A

CYTOPLASM

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27
Q

The _________________ maintains integrity of cell by coming movement in/out

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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28
Q

The ____________ is “selectively permeable”

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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29
Q

The ____________ is very thin and flexible

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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30
Q

The _________________ is capable of minor repair but extensive damage results in cell death

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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31
Q

The cell membrane provides a ________________ for many reactions because of enzymes present in the membrane surface.

A

WORKING SURFACE

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32
Q

The cell membrane allow cells to ______________ like a dam

A

STORE ENERGY

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33
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane composed of?

A

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

PROTEINS

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34
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer composed of?

A

WATER SOLUBLE, HYDROPHILLIC “HEADS” FORM THE SURFACE, AND WATER INSOLUBLE, HYDROPHOBIC “TAILS” FORM THE INTERIOR

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35
Q

The ______________ permeable to lipid soluble substances

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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36
Q

Proteins are ______________ that turn the cell on or off

A

RECEPTORS

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37
Q

Proteins ____________ by ways of pores, channels, carriers that move substances which can’t pass through the lipid layer

A

TRANSPORT

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38
Q

The _____________ of proteins speed up reactions

A

ENZYMES

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39
Q

BE ABLE TO DRAW THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

A

YOU GOT THAT DUMBASS ?

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40
Q

The control center of the cell

A

NUCLEUS

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41
Q

The _________________ is the nuclear envelope

A

NUCLEUS

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42
Q

The nuclear envelope has what kind of membrane?

A

POROUS DOUBLE MEMBRANE

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43
Q

The _____________ separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

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44
Q

The _____________ is a dense collection of RNA and proteins

A

NUCLEOLUS

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45
Q

The nucleolus is the site of ______________ production

A

RIBOSOME

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46
Q

____________ are fibers of DNA and proteins

A

CHROMATIN

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47
Q

What stores information for the synthesis of proteins?

A

CHROMATIN

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48
Q

What is the jelly-like fluid that holds the cellular organelles and occupies the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane?

A

CYTOPLASM

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49
Q

What is the watery component in the cytoplasm?

A

CYTOSOL

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50
Q

Cytoplasm contains _____________

A

CYTOSOL

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51
Q

What is the “information highway” ?

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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52
Q

The _____________ is a network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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53
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the _______________________ and _________________

A

CELL MEMBRANE

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

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54
Q

The ___________________ compartmentalizes and manufactures

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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55
Q

What organelle is the surface area for chemical reactions?

A

THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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56
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

SMOOTH ER

ROUGH ER

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57
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of ______________ and ____________________

A

LIPID SYNTHESIS

DETOXIFYING ENZYMES

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58
Q

Cells of the liver have a lot of what kind of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

SMOOTH ER

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59
Q

The _______________ is an attachment place for ribosomes

A

ROUGH ER

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60
Q

Ribosomes manufacture what?

A

PROTEINS

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61
Q

Ribosomes are tiny, spherical granules composed of ______________ and ____________

A

PROTEIN

RNA

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62
Q

_____________ are free floating or connect to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

RIBOSOMES

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63
Q

Ribosomes are the site of ________________

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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64
Q

Also known as dictysome

A

GOLGI APPARATUS (COMPLEX)

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65
Q

The Golgi complex is the _____________ that processes proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

A

“WAREHOUSE”

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66
Q

In animal cells, Golgi complex also manufactures ________________

A

LYSOSOMES

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67
Q

In plant cells, the Golgi bodies secrete the ______________ during mitosis.

A

NEW CELL WALLS

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68
Q

What are the “stomachs of the cell” ?

A

LYSOSOMES

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69
Q

Lysosomes are “suicide sacs” loaded with _______________

A

ENZYMES

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70
Q

White blood cells have many _____________ to defend the body and recycle dead cells

A

LYSOSOMES

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71
Q

Lysosomes are not found in ______________

A

PLANT CELLS

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72
Q

What is the organelle with fluid filled sacs with many and various functions?

A

VACUOLE

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73
Q

The _____________ may also contain stored food, salts, pigments, and metabolic wastes

A

VACUOLE

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74
Q

Plant cells have a very large _____________

A

“CENTRAL VACUOLE”

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75
Q

_____________ have multiple, smaller vacuoles

A

ANIMAL CELLS

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76
Q

What is the “powerhouse of the cell” ?

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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77
Q

What organelle is the center for aerobic cellular respiration and energy conversion?

A

MITOCHONDRIA

78
Q

The __________ is enclosed by a double membrane

A

MITOCHONDRIA

79
Q

What are the folds inside the mitochondria called?

A

CRISTAE

80
Q

What is the fluid inside the mitochondria called?

A

MATRIX

81
Q

_______________ are plastids that carry out photosynthesis

A

CHLOROPLASTS

82
Q

What organelle is typically found in leaves and green stems of plants and also in algae?

A

CHLOROPLASTS

83
Q

The inner membrane o chloroplasts encloses a fluid called what?

A

STROMA

84
Q

The inner membrane of chloroplasts form into disk shaped structures called what?

A

THYLAKOIDS

85
Q

Thylakoids are arranged into stacks called ______________

A

GRANA

86
Q

What is another name for leucoplasts?

A

AMYLOPLASTS

87
Q

What organelle is the colorless plastids that usually contain starch?

A

LEUCOPLASTS

88
Q

_____________ are plastids that contain coloring pigment in plants, flowers and fruits, other than chlorophyll.

A

CHROMOPHYLL

89
Q

What is the internal framework of a cell called?

A

CYTOSKELETON

90
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

91
Q

What is the protein of a microtubule?

A

TUBULIN (HOLLOW TUBES)

92
Q

What has the “structural role” in the formation of the cytoskeleton?

A

MICROTUBULE

93
Q

The _____________ in the cytoskeleton plays a part in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

MICROTUBUELS

94
Q

The _____________ is a structural component of flagella and cilia

A

MICROTUBULE

95
Q

What is the protein of microfilaments?

A

ACTIN

96
Q

The component of the cytoskeleton that is flexible, and is the mechanical support for cell structure

A

MICROFILAMENT

97
Q

What organelle has 9 sets of 3 attached microtubules?

A

CENTRIOLES

98
Q

These organelles form right angles to each other to from centrosomes

A

CENTRIOLES

99
Q

__________________ form a hollow cylinder near the nucleus

A

CENTRIOLES

100
Q

____________________ form spindle fibers during mitosis in animal cells

A

CENTRIOLES

101
Q

What are the organelles that are thin, movable structures that project from cell surface?

A

CILIA

FLAGELLA

102
Q

Cilia are _______________

A

SMALL AND NUMEROUS

103
Q

Flagella are _______________

A

LONGER AND FEW IN NUMBER

104
Q

What is the definition of cell transport?

A

THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS INTO OR OUT OF THE CELL

105
Q

What is the ability of a membrane to allow things to get through?

A

PERMEABILITY

106
Q

What are the three types of permeability?

A

PERMEABLE
IMPERMEABLE
SEMIPERMEABLE

107
Q

What are five factors that influence permeability?

A 
SIZE OF MOVING MOLEULE 
LIPID SOLUBILITY
POLARITY (CHARGE) 
CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE
PRESENCE OF CARRIER MOLECULES
108
Q

What are the two types of movements into and out of the cell?

A

PASSIVE PROCESSES

ACTIVE PROCESSES

109
Q

__________________ processes require no cellular energy

A

PASSIVE

110
Q

In passive processes, solute moves from areas of ____________ concentration to _______________

A

HIGH

LOW

111
Q 
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration 
Dialysis 
           These are all examples of.......
A

PASSIVE (PHYSICAL PROCESSES)

112
Q

____________ processes require cellular energy

A

ACTIVE

113
Q

In active processes, solute moves from areas of ______________ concentration to ____________ concentration

A

LOW

HIGH

114
Q

Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
These are all examples of……

A

ACTIVE PROCESSES

115
Q

What is the movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration?

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

116
Q

What are the four factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

SIZE OF PARTICLE
SHAPE OF PARTICLE
ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF PARTICLES
TEMPERATURE

117
Q

Facilitative diffusion uses _______________ to pass through the cell membrane

A

PROTEINS

118
Q

________________ is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher water concentration to regions of lower water concentration due to the presence of a solute

A

OSMOSIS

119
Q

What kind of membrane does water move through in osmosis?

A

A selectively permeable membrane

120
Q

In osmosis, water is pulled through the membrane by a ______________

A

SOLUTE

121
Q

What is the substance dissolved in a liquid called?

A

SOLUTE

122
Q

What is the liquid?

A

SOLVENT

123
Q

What is a solution composed of?

A

SOLVENT + SOLUTE

124
Q

Water moves toward a ________________ concentration of ______________

A

HIGHER

SOLUTES

125
Q

Water passes through selectively permeable membrane from regions of _________________ water concentration to ___________________ water concentration.

A

HIGHER

LOWER

126
Q

What is osmosis driven by?

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

127
Q

_________________ is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in the solution.

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

128
Q

______________ = the solute concentration inside/outside of the cell

A

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

129
Q

Cells placed in a solution that is isotonic to them will be in ___________________

A

EQUILLIBRIUM

130
Q

In an ______________ water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate, having no NET movement

A

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

131
Q

In a ________________ the surrounding fluid has a higher solute concentration than the concentration within the cell

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

132
Q

Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and __________________

A

SHRINK

133
Q

In a ______________ there is a NET movement out of the cell

A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

134
Q

In a hypotonic solution, the surrounding fluid has a _____________ solute concentration than inside the cell

A

LOWER

135
Q

Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will gain water and _____________

A

SWELL

136
Q

What is an example of a cell swelling?

A

CYTOLISIS

137
Q

What are two examples of cell shrinkage?

A

CRENATION (animal)

PLASYMOLYSIS (plant)

138
Q

________________ IS THE INTERNL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN WALLED CELLS SUCH AS PLANT CELLS

A

turgor pressure

139
Q

What holds plants upright?

A

TURGOR PRESSURE

140
Q

Increased turgor pressure in a plant cell causes ____________

A

TURGIDITY

141
Q

________________ is the separating of the plasma membrane and the cell wall

A

PLASYMOLYSIS

142
Q

____________ is a special type of diffusion

A

DIALYSIS

143
Q

Dialysis separates _______________

A

SMALLER PARTICLES FROM LARGER PARTICLES

144
Q

What is dialysis driven by?

A

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

145
Q

Cells expend _______________ to carry on physiological (active) processes

A

METABOLIC ENERGY

146
Q

____________ requires energy

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

147
Q

This is when a cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

148
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

PINOCYTOSIS

PHAGOCYTOSIS

149
Q

What kind of substance is pinocytosis?

A

MOSTLY WATER

150
Q

What kind of substance is phagocytosis?

A

SUBSTANCE IS A SOLID

151
Q

What is the reverse of endocytosis?

A

EXOCYTOSIS

152
Q

In _____________ substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of the cell

A

EXOCYTOSIS

153
Q

The release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
waste products
proteins/hormones
These are all examples of ……

A

EXOCYTOSIS

154
Q

What are the three functions of intercellular junctions?

A

FORM STRONG CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER::
PREVENT PASSAGE OF MATERIALS::
ALLOW FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS::

155
Q

What are the four types of intercellular junctions?

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS
DSMOSOMES
GAP JUNCTIONS
PLASMODESMOTA

156
Q

In ___________, cells are fused with limited space

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

157
Q

__________________ are located among cells that form linings (intestinal and blood-brain barrier)

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

158
Q

_______________ form “spot welds” between cells

A

DESMOSOMES

159
Q

Desmosomes are located _____________

A

AMONG OUTER SKIN CELLS

160
Q

______________ are the tubular channels between cells

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

161
Q

__________________ are located in cardiac muscle cells and the pancreas

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

162
Q

Plasmodesmota are found in_____________

A

PLANT CELLS

163
Q

________________ allow molecules/ions to pass through but no organelles

A

PLASMODESMOTA

164
Q

The amount of energy required to break a bond

A

BOND ENERGY

165
Q

The total (potential) bond energy In a system

A

ENTHALPY

166
Q

Enthalpy is the _____________ in molecules

A

TOTAL ENERGY

167
Q

The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to ______________

A

ENERGY TRANSFER

168
Q

________________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released (lost)

A

OXIDATION

169
Q

_______________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted (gained)

A

REDUCTION

170
Q

What are two reactions that are metabolic reactions?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

171
Q

Photosynthesis is a ____________ reaction

A

ENDERGONIC

172
Q

Cellular Respiration is a _______________

A

EXERGONIC REACTION

173
Q

What is a metabolic process driven by the sun?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

174
Q

12H2O + 6CO2 —> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

175
Q

What is the main route by which carbon and energy enter web of life?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

176
Q

What are the two reactions photosynthesis consist of?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT

LIGHT INDEPENDENT

177
Q

The light dependent reaction occurs in __________________

A

THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

178
Q

_____________________ harvest sunlight which excite electrons and boost them to higher energy levels

A

PHOTOSYSTEMS 1 AND 2

179
Q

_______________ is the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis

A

THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE

180
Q

The light independent stage occurs in the _____________

A

STROMA

181
Q

ATP donates energy to sites that build __________

A

GLUCOSE

182
Q

Glucose is produced in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

183
Q

NADPH donates H in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

184
Q

Sunlight is trapped in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

185
Q

Oxygen is released in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

186
Q

ATP is made in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

187
Q

Water splits in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

188
Q

Carbon dioxide is used in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

189
Q

What photosynthesis reaction occurs in the stroma?

A

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

190
Q

What photosynthesis reaction occurs in the thylakoids?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

191
Q

NADPH is made in what photosynthesis reaction?

A

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

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