Biology 1 Lab Major Test Flashcards
0
Q
The term ____________ refers to the fact that the image that is formed is the result of light passing through two sets of lenses
A
COMPOUND
1
Q
The term ____________ refers to the two oculars or eye pieces
A
BINOCULAR
2
Q
The term _________ as it refers to the microscope means that light is used to form the image instead of a beam of electrons as in an electron microscope, or sound waves as in ultrasonography.
A
LIGHT
3
Q
The ability of a microscope to stay in focus as the magnification is either increased or decreased
A
PARFOCAL
4
Q
The ability of a lens to distinguish between two points tat are very close together.
A
RESOLVING POWER/ RESOLUTION
5
Q
The ability of a microscope to increase the apparent size of an object
A
MAGNIFICATION
6
Q
The ___________________ is determined by multiply9ing the magnification of the ocular X the ocular X the magnification of the objective in use
A
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
7
Q
The _________________ is the actual amount of area on a slide that can be viewed under the microscope at one time without having to move the slide
A
FIELD OF VIEW
8
Q
The distance from the specimen on the slide to the objective lens of the microscope, when the specimen is in focus
A
WORKING DISTANCE
9
Q
_____________________ have two oculars and produce an image with depth.
A
DISSECTING MICROSCOPES
10
Q
These microscopes usually magnify less but provide a wider field of view.
A
DISSECTING MICROSCOPES
11
Q
These microscopes are often used to look through when dissecting small specimens
A
DISSECTING MICROSCOPES
12
Q
These microscopes allow a person to view small specimens or live specimens that would otherwise have to be stained to be able to see.
A
PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPES
13
Q
What are the three types of electron microscopes?
A
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
SCANNING TUNNELING ELCTRN MICRSCPE
14
Q
This kind of electron microscope magnifies thousands of times and allows scientists to see into the inner structure of cells.
A
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
15
Q
The _________________ electron microscopes generally do not magnify as greatly as TEMs and produce images of the surface of objects
A
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
16
Q
The __________________________ is the most powerful type of electron microscope
A
SCANNING TUNNELING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
17
Q
What is the bottom part on which the microscope rests?
A
BASE
18
Q
What is the angular part of the frame?
A
ARM
19
Q
What is the platform on which the slide is placed?
A
STAGE
20
Q
What connects the oculars and nosepiece?
A
BODY TUBE
21
Q
Two clips hold the specimen and two knobs on the lower left of the stage move the specimen transverse and longitudinal
A
MECHANICAL STAGE
22
Q
The ___________ provides built-in illumination (no mirror is needed)
A
LIGHT
23
Q
The ______________ is located below the stage and regulates the amount of light passing through the stage
A
DIAPHRAGM
24
What are the two main types of diaphragms in general use?
IRIS DIAPHRAGM
| DISK DIAPHRAGM
25
The ______________ is a movable lens located in the hole of the stage (does not affect magnification)
CONDENSER
26
The _____________ is the larger knob that raises and lowers the body tube for focusing
COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
27
The ______________ is the external knob that is used for final focusing
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
28
The movable part of the nosepiece that turns the objective lenses
REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
29
What are the four objectives?
4X
10X
40X
100X
30
The lenses at the top of the body tube, which have a magnification of 10x
OCULARS
31
THE ______________ is a slide adjustment that allows you to adjust the oculars to the corner spacing of your eyes
INTERPUPILLARY ADJUSTMENT
32
The _______________ adjustment allows you to adjust each eye to the objective.
DIOPTER
33
A non-living, porous semi-rigid "casing" for the living protoplasm
CELL WALL
34
The _____________ is the viscous, granular mass of protoplasm, gray or blue in appearance depending on the stain
CYTOPLASM
35
The ____________ is a selectively permeable covering around the protoplasm that regulates transported materials
CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE
36
The _____________ is a clear area in the cell that is not occupied by cytoplasm and is not present in young cells (often found in the center of the cell)
VACUOLE
37
The ________________ is any structure of the cell with specific function(s)
ORGANELLE
38
The __________ is the watery solution filling the vacuoles
CELL SAP
39
The ____________ is the organelle containing the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells, usually visible as a round body darker in color than the cytoplasm
NUCLEUS
40
The ____________ is a green oval pigmented organelle varying in number
CHLOROPLAST
41
The ____________ is one or more dark stained areas within the nucleus containing protein and RNA
NUCLEOLUS
42
The ________________ is a flowing motion of granules causing the chloroplasts and other organelles to be pushed around
CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING (CYCLOSIS)
43
_______________ is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
DIFFUSION
44
________________ is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
OSMOSIS
45
During the process of osmosis, there will be an increase or decrease in _____________ on one side of the membrane.
PRESSURE
46
The pressure created by osmosis is called _________________
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
47
If osmotic pressure increases in an animal cell, the cell will swell and possibly burst.
This is called what?
CYTOLYSIS (HEMOLYSIS IF IT OCCURS IN BLOOD CELLS)
48
The pressure inside a plant cell created by osmosis is called _____________ or _____________.
TUGOR OR TUGOR PRESSURE
49
If the osmotic pressure inside an animal cell decreases, the cell will shrivel.
This is called what?
CRENATION
50
In plant cells the cell membrane will be pulled away from the cell wall and will shrivel.
This is called what?
PLASMOLYSIS
51
______________ occurs because of a concentration difference between the solution on one side of the membrane and the solution on the other side of the membrane
OSMOSIS
52
The solution with the lower solute concentration and thus the higher solvent (water) concentration is called the _________________
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
53
THE SOLUTION WITH THE HIGHE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND THUS THE LOWER SOLVENT (WATER) CONCENTRATION IS CALLED THE ________________
hypertonic solution
54
If the solute and solvent concentrations are equal between the two solutions being compared, they are termed ____________ to each other
ISOTONIC
55
Osmosis will move in the direction from the _____________ solution toward the ___________ solution
HYPOTONIC
| HYPERTONIC
56
What are two approaches in scientific inquiry?
MODELING AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
57
What is the purpose of a control group?
TO SERVE AS A COMPARISON FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
58
Plant and animal cells are alike since both possess a(n) __________________
PLASMA MEMBRANE
59
```
A student observes several cells under the microscope. He identifies them as plant cells because they possess:
A. NUCLEOLI
B. VACUOLES
C. CHLOROPLASTS
D. CENTRIOLES
```
CHLOROPLASTS
60
A plant cell organelle that stores dissolved material is the _________________
VACUOLE
61
Two organelles present only in plant cells are thhe _____________ and ____________
CHLOROPLAST AND CELL WALL
62
A chemical substance present in Elodea cells, but not in onion skin cells, is
CHLOROPHYLL
63
A structure having a similar function in both plant and animal cells is the _____________
PLASMA MEMBRANE
64
____________ is an approach to understanding the natural world.
SCIENCE
65
A cell that posesses chlorophyll usually also posesses a
CELL WALL
66
___________ is to notice or see something (personally or based on previous research) that can be measured
OBSERVATION
67
A _______________ is something that is well-defined which arises from the observations you made previously.
QUESTION
68
The statement, "Does the amount of water each plant receives affect the growth of the tomato?", is an example of a _____________________
QUESTION
69
A _______________ is an educated guess or tentative explanation to your question
HYPOTHESIS
70
A _____________ refers to a general statement that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena
NULL HYPOTHESIS
71
The rejection of the null hypothesis then leads to a(n) ________________
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
72
The statement, "Varying amounts of water have no effect on tomato growth.", is an example of a(n) __________
NULL HYPOTHESIS
73
The statement, "The more water a tomato plant receives, the larger the tomato fruit will grow.", is an example of a(n) _____________
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
74
The _______________ is typically an "if-then" statement which leads to your experiment
PREDICTION
75
The statement, "If I water half of my garden three times a week and the other half only one time week, the more watered side will produce larger tomatoes.", is an example of a(n) __________________
PREDICTION
76
The _________________ is the factor that varies in the experiment.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
77
The ___________________ is the factor that will be affected by the independent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
78
The ________________ is the group in which the independent variable is manipulated
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
79
The ______________ is the group in which the independent variable is removed or set at a specific standard
CONTROL GROUP
80
_______________ is the gathering of collected and recorded information in the best possible manner
DATA COLLECTION
81
A ___________ is a well supported hypothesis
THEORY
82
A ___________ is comprised of a body of ideas and concepts which have been thoroughly tested by various individuals to the point of being accepted as "fact"
THEORY
83
_______________ takes general information and applies it to specific instances
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
84
___________ begins with specific information and looks to apply it to larger, more general instances
INDUCTIVE REASONING
85
```
The microscopically visible structures of a stained cheek cell are the:
A. NUCLEUS
B. PLASMA MEMBRANE
C. CYTOPLASM
D. ALL OF THESE
E. A and C only
```
D. ALL OF THESE
86
The structure of a cheek cell that absorbs the most stain is the ____________
NUCLEUS
87
The shape of an Elodea cell can be described as _______________
ELONGATED RECTANGLES
88
The green spheroid organelles within Elodea cells are the ___________________
CHLOROPLASTS
89
The cytoplasmic streaming current that causes some organelles to move within the Elodea cells is called ______________
CYCLOSIS
90
The center of most plant cells, such as Elodea, appear empty because of the presence of a single large _________________
CENTRAL VACUOLE WITH TRANSPARENT CELL SAP
91
From the list below, select the cell structures common to both typical plant and typical animal cells.
* centrioles
* nucleus
* cell wall
* cytoplasm
* plasma membrane
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
PLASMA MEMBRANE
92
When comparing Elodea cells with cheek cells, which of the following statements is true?
A. Elodea cells have a cell wall, a central vacuole, and chloroplasts, but cheek cells do not.
B. Elodea cells have a plasma membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm, but cheek cells do not.
C. Elodea cells have vacuoles, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but cheeks do not.
D. Elodea cells have centrioles, vacuoles, and plasma membranes, but cheek cells do not
A. ELODEA CEELS HAVE A CELL WALL, A CENTRAL VACUOLE, AND CHLOROPLASTS, BUT CHEEK CELLS DO NOT
93
The advantage of staining cells is to increase the _____________ of cellular structures that would otherwise be transparent against a transparent background
CONTRAST
94
From the list below, name the structures that can be observed in stained onion cells:
* nucleus
* nucleolus
* chloroplasts
* centrioles
* cell walls
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
CELL WALLS
95
An organelle that is present in Elodea cells, but is not present in onion ski cells is the ______________
CHLOROPLASTS
96
An important cellular process performed by Elodea cells but not by onion skin cells is _____________________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
97
The organelle, common to ALL types of cells, that encloses the cytoplasm and controls cell transport is the _________________
PLASMA MEMBRANE
98
The membrane-bound, cytoplasmic storage organelle containing dissolved, usable, or waste materials is a(n) ____________
VACUOLE
99
The organelle, found in animal-type cells and not plant-type cells, functions in cell division, i.e. mitosis?
CENTRIOLE
100
The chemical compound, but not in onion skin cells is _______________
CHLOROPHYLL
101
The structure that surrounds plant-type cells but not animal-type cells is the _________________
CELL WALL
102
A typical cell has what three main components?
CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
103
What are the two basic types of cell division in humans?
MEIOSIS
| MITOSIS
104
_______________ is the cell division that produces reproductive cells
MEIOSIS
105
What is the cell that is produced by meiosis?
GAMETES
106
______________ is the type of cell division that produces body cells or ____________ cells
MITOSIS
| SOMATIC
107
What is the haploid number?
THE SINGLE PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES
108
What is the diploid number?
It means that the cell contains both copies of the genome
109
Mitosis produces what kind of cell?
SOMATIC CELLS
110
Meiosis produces what kind of cell?
GAMETES
111
How man cell divisions does mitosis have?
ONE
112
How many cell divisions does meiosis have?
TWO
113
What are the two stages of the cell cycle?
MITOSIS
| INTERPHASE
114
What stage of the cell cycle does the cell spend 90 percent of its life in?
INTERPHASE
115
What are the three subdivided stages of interphase?
G-1
S
G-2
116
Each individual strand of a chromosome is called a ___________
SISTER CHROMATID
117
What is a sister chromatid?
An individual strand of a chromosome
118
The two sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosomes are held together by what?
CENTROMERE
119
What are the four phases of mitosis?
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
120
In _______________ the nuclear membrane breaks down and the duplicated chromosomes begin to shorten and thicken.
PROPHASE
121
What is the stage in mitosis where the chromosomes are located across the equator of the cell
METAPHASE
122
What is the stage of mitosis in which the chromatids (or chromosome strands which arose during interphase) separate from each other and begin to migrate toward the opposite poles (ends) of the cells
ANAPHASE
123
_____________ also begins in anaphase
CYTOKINESIS
124
What marks the beginning of telophase?
The completion of migration of the chromosome strands to the opposite ends of the cells
125
What is the end result of mitosis?
The production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original mother cell
126
In order for DNA to be released from cells, the cell walls, plasma membranes, and nuclear membranes must be _______________
BE BROKEN DOWN
127
What dissociates the proteins from the DNA, but doesn't remove them from the solution?
THE HOMOGENIZATION MEDIUM
128
DNA is complexed with _______________ that must be removed before DNA can be isolated
CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS
129
______________ is the separation of molecules of different sizes and electric charges due to the flow of electricity
ELECTROPHORESIS
131
______________ is a very pure form of agar made from seaweed
AGAROSE
132
____________________ contains salts that will help to conduct electricity across the gel and keep the gel from drying out during electrophoresis
THE BUFFERING SOLUTION
133
_______________ is the study of how characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring
GENETICS
134
There have been over ________________ inherited traits described in humans and _______________ new ones are described each year.
3000
| 75-100
