Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Biology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

0
Q

How is the glucose for the fermentation obtained?

A

Sugar cane juices can be used and glucose can also be derived from maize starch by the action of carbohydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What about the conditions of a biogas generator has to stay the same and why?

A

Must be kept at a constant temperature to keep the bacteria respiring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a digester / generator?

A

The simple fermenter that makes biogas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the biogas generator

A

There is an inlet for waste material

The inside of the generator is has gas at the top and waste at the bottom of the container

There is an outlet at the top for the biogas and an outlet at the bottom for the by-products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is fermentation?

A

When bacteria or yeast break down substances like sugar using anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the composition of biogas?

A

70% methane and 30% carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is done to the ethanol after being formed?

A

It is distilled to separate it from the yeast and remaining glucose before it’s used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 6 main advantages of biofuels?

A

They are carbon neutral because the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere was taken in by plants which lived recently

Not much sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxide is produced so there is less acid rain

Methane is given off from untreated waste, this is stopped by making it into biofuels

The raw material is cheap and available

The digested material is a better fertiliser than the undigested material

Biogas generators act as waste disposal systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a batch generator?

A

A generator that makes biogas in small batches

They are manually loaded with waste which is left to digest and the by-products are cleared away at the end of each session

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main disadvantage of biogas?

A

It needs too high a pressure so it can’t be stored as a liquid so it has to be used straight away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is ethanol made as a biofuel?

A

Yeast makes ethanol (along with carbon dioxide and energy) by breaking down glucose by anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is gasohol?

A

A mixture of ethanol and petrol that can be used by adapted cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 specific ways that biogas is made?

A

Bacteria can ferment plant and animal waste containing carbohydrates

Sludge waste from places like sewage works and sugar factories are used to make biogas on a large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is biogas made?

A

Anaerobic fermentation of waste materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main way that biofuels are made?

A

Fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 factors to consider when designing a generator? (Explain each factor)

A

Cost (continuous generators are more expensive because everything has to be mechanically pumped in and removed

Convenience (batch generators are less convenient because they always have to be filled, emptied and cleaned manually)

Efficiency (the gas must be produced at 35% to get the fastest gas production)

Position (the waste will smell during delivery meaning the generator must be away from homes and close to the waste source)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the by-products of biogas generation used for?

A

Used to fertilise crops and gardens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 types of biogas generators?

A

Batch generators

Continuous generators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a continuous generator?

A

They make biogas all the time

Waste is continuously fed in and biogas is produced at a steady rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of the breathing system?

A

To get oxygen into the body and to get carbon dioxide out of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the process of breathing in and breathing out

A

Breathing in happen when the intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract decreasing the pressure drawing air in
Breathing out is the opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the risk of artificial ventilators?

A

If the lungs can’t cope with the artificial air flow, damage like burst alveoli can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe where air goes after being breathed in

A

Air goes through the trachea which splits into 2 tubes called bronchi which split into even more smaller tubes called bronchioles and finally into small bags called alveoli where the gas exchange takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the thorax?

A

The upper part of the upper body which is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are artificial ventilators?

A

Machines that move air (often with extra oxygen) into or out of the lungs by pumping air
They help people who can’t breathe for themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why do some of the water molecules involved in osmosis go towards the high concentration region?

A

The water molecules move about randomly and sometimes deflect off another water molecules at the right angle so that it passes into the high concentration region
However, the net movement of the water molecules is towards the low concentration region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Cells that control the size of the stomata

They control the amount of water lost and make it equal to the amount of water coming into the plant through the roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is osmosis used in the human body?

A

So that water or solutions can travel into and out of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with very small holes in it so that only small molecules like water can pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What decides if osmosis causes the water to go into or out of the cell?

A

If the cell is short of water, the concentration of water outside the cell will be higher so osmosis will bring water into the cell
If the cell has too much water, the opposite will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Where substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the input of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Tiny hairs that stick out of the sides of the roots of s plant so that the roots have a larger surface area so that they absorb more mineral ions and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do alveoli and villi have in common?

A

They are both exchange surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange

A

Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the capillary network to get into the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide in the blood passes the alveoli and diffuses into them so that it can escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In terms of diffusion, why are leaves flat?

A

To increase the area of the exchange surface making diffusion more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are villi and how do they work?

A

Tiny hair-like projections on the inside of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the small intestine massively
The digested food is absorbed by the villi and it passes into the capillary network inside the villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

What the substances need to pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe how the digested food travels from the small intestine to the capillary network

A

There is a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood than in the small intestine meaning the nutrients are actively transported from the surface of the villi to the capillary network inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe how the minerals and water get from the soil into the root hairs

A

The concentration is higher inside the plant so active transport has to be used to get the minerals and water into the root hairs
Active transport requires energy from respiration to work though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 2 ways that diffusion is used in plants?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses through the stomata into the plant

Oxygen diffuses out of the plant through the stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is active transport?

A

Where substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration because another substance is carrying it
Active transport requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 3 ways in which substances move around living organisms?

A

Osmosis
Diffusion
Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do we restrict energy lost by farm animals?

A

Some animals can be intensely farmed meaning they are kept close together indoors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why does growing crops instead of having grazing animals increase food production?

A

The crops are a stage lower than the farm animals in the food chain meaning that there is more energy and biomass in the crops than in the animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 2 problems with distributing food over long distances?

A

Can be expensive and bad for the environment

Fossil fuels are used and carbon dioxide is released, adding to global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What has to be supplied to the fungus?

A

Oxygen (fungus respires aerobically)

Nitrogen (as ammonia)

Other minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the disadvantage of mycoprotein?

A

Food made by microorganisms does not sound very appetising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which type of fungus in the main source of mycoprotein?

A

Fusarium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 2 effects of overfishing?

A

Less fish for us to eat

Food chains are affected and some fish species will go extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the 5 arguments against intensive farming?

A

The environment of intensive farming can be considered as cruel to the animals

Crowded conditions allow an easy spread of a disease

To prevent disease, animals are given antibiotics and humans eat those animals and so antibiotics will be less effective in the future

Animals need to be kept warm to prevent heat loss. This uses fossil fuels

Fish stocks are getting low but fish is a commonly used food in intensive farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the effects of fishing quotas?

A

Limits number and size of fish being caught in certain areas

Prevents certain species from being overfished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 2 ways that fishing stocks are maintained?

A

Fishing quotas

Net size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is mycoprotein?

A

Protein made by fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How and why are the fermenters sterilised?

A

Fermenter and incoming nutrients are sterilised by steam and heat because other microorganisms that could grow must be prevented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is sustainable food production?

A

Using resources exactly as fast as they renew to make sure there is never a decline in the amount of resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Apart from increasing food production, what is the other use of mycoprotein?

A

A meat substitute in vegetarian meals such as Quorn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Why does reducing the number of stages in a food chain increase the efficiency of food production?

A

In a food chain, there is less energy and biomass every time you move up a stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the effects of changing net size?

A

A larger mesh size allows unwanted fish to pass through the net and for younger fish to escape so that they can reach breeding age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the other advantage of intense farming?

A

It is cheaper for the farmer and the consumer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How does intense farming increase food production?

A

Saves the animals from wasting energy on movement and stops them from giving out as much energy as heat

They will grow faster on less food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Give 2 reasons that we don’t just grow crops since they are more efficient

A

People need a varied diet in order to keep healthy

Some land is unsuitable for crops but suitable for farm animals

64
Q

What are the 3 ways that the efficiency of food production can be improved?

A

Reducing the number of stages in a food chain

Restricting energy loss by farm animals

Developing new food sources like mycoprotein

65
Q

Give 4 advantages of mycoprotein

A

Protein can be rare in developing countries, mycoprotein helps

Mycoprotein grown in a fermenter is very efficient

Microorganisms grow very quickly and don’t need much space

Microorganisms can feed on waste material

66
Q

How is the fungus grown?

A

Grown in fermenters with glucose syrup as a food source

67
Q

What hapoens when we destroy peat bogs?

A

The peat fully decomposes when the bogs are drained which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

68
Q

What is peat actually made from?

A

Mostly carbon

This is why peat bogs reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

69
Q

Where are the 3 places where carbon dioxide can be sequestered?

A

Oceans, lakes and ponds

Plants and trees

Peat bogs

70
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

When greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat from the sun in the atmosphere and re-radiate it in all direction including the planet

71
Q

What 2 things does scientific evidence need to be so that it is considered valid?

A

Covers a wide enough area

Covers a long enough time scale

72
Q

Why does deforestation cause there to be more methane in the atmosphere?

A

Cattle produce methane and the main reason for deforestation is to clear space for cattle to be farmed

73
Q

Why does deforestation cause less carbon dioxide to be taken in?

A

Less trees are using carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

74
Q

What are peat bogs?

A

Areas that are acidic and waterlogged so that plants living in them don’t fully decay when they die because there’s not enough oxygen

The partly-rotted plants build up to form peat

75
Q

What are the 4 ways that scientists measure the effects of global warming?

A

Satelites to monitor snow and ice cover

Satelites to measure temperature of sea surface

Temperature and speed of ocean currents are measured

Automatic weather stations are constantly recording atmospheric temperatures

76
Q

Why does deforestation cause there to be more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide is released when trees are burned

Microorganisms feeding on bits of dead wood release carbon dioxide as a waste product of respiration

77
Q

What are the 4 problems caused by deforestation?

A

More methane in the atmosphere

More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Less carbon dioxide taken in

Less biodiversity

78
Q

What is the advantage of the greenhouse effect?

A

At night, without the greehouse effect, there would be nothing to keep the heat in and it would be very cold

79
Q

What is global warming?

A

A type of climate change where the Earth is gradually heating up because of the greenhouse effect

80
Q

What are the 6 things that result from global warming?

A

Seawater expands so sea level rises

Ice melts (sea level rises even more)

Changed weather patterns including an increase in hurricanes

The distribution of many species will change according to the changes in temperature

Biodiversity is reduced as some species will become extinct

Migration of species to different areas of the world

81
Q

What are the 3 reasons for deforestation?

A

To get wood for building materials

To clear land for farming

To produce paper from wood

82
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of different species in a habitat

The more species, the greater the biodiversity

83
Q

What does sequestered mean?

A

When a substance like carbon dioxide is locked up in natural stores

84
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The cutting down of trees on a large scale

85
Q

Describe the process of ultrafiltration

A

A high pressure is built up that squeezes the water, ions, urea and sugar out of the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule

The membranes between the blood vessels and the Bowman’s capsule act like filters so that larger molecules like protein and blood cells can’t get through

86
Q

What are the 2 ways that people with kidney failure can be treated?

A

Dialysis machine doing the job of a kidney

Kidney transplant

87
Q

Describe how a kidney dialysis machine works

A

The blood goes into the machine and the waste products diffuse into the dialysis fluid

The exchange surface is not permeable by the larger molecules

88
Q

Why are kidney transplants sometimes rejected?

A

The foreign antigens of the kidneys are attacked by the antibodies of the patient (their immune system is rejecting it)

89
Q

What are the 3 phases of filtration in the kidneys?

A

Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Release of wastes

90
Q

What are the 2 disadvantages of kidney dialysis?

A

There is a 3 hour session of dialysis 3 times a week

Dialysis can cause blood clots and infections

91
Q

What happens if the kidneys are not functional?

A

Waste substances will build up in the blood and there will not control of the levels of ions and water

92
Q

What is the dialysis fluid made from and why?

A

It is a fluid that has the same concentration of ions and glucose as healthy blood so that ions and glucose are not lost from the blood

93
Q

What are the 2 ways that we overcome kidney transplant rejection?

A

A donor with a similar tissue type to the patient is chosen (tissue type is based on antigens)

Drugs are given that suppress the immune system so that the kidneys are not attacked

94
Q

Describe the release of wastes

A

The remaining substances continue out of the nephron, into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine

95
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The filtration units in the kidneys

96
Q

Describe the process of reabsorption

A

As the liquid flows along the nephron, useful substances are absorbed back into the blood

These are: all sugar (active transport), required ions (active transport) and required water

97
Q

Describe the journey of glucagon and how it works

A

It is secreted by the pancreas and travels with the blood to the liver

It makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose meaning that the blood glucose level is increased

98
Q

Describe the journey of insulin and how it works

A

It is secreted by the pancreas and travels with the blood until it reaches the liver

It causes the liver to turn glucose into glycogen causing blood sugar to decrease

99
Q

Give 2 reasons that the new method of getting insulin is better

A

Human insulin does not have any side-effects where animal insulin does

No animals are killed in the new method

100
Q

When is insulin used?

A

When blood glucose level is too high

101
Q

What is the other way that ions can be removed from the body?

A

In sweat

102
Q

When is glucagon used?

A

When the blood glucose level is too low

103
Q

What are the 3 important substances that sports drinks contain and why?

A

Water and ions replace those lost in sweat

Sugar can be used in respiration to give the body more energy

104
Q

How is the body temperature measured by the brain?

A

The thermoregulartory centre in the brain has receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood that is passing by it

105
Q

In which 3 ways is the amount of water regulated?

A

Liquids consumed

Amount sweated out

Amount excreted by the kidneys into the urine

106
Q

What are the 3 ways that water is lost from the body?

A

Urine
Sweat
Breathed out air

107
Q

What 3 things happen when the body is too cold?

A

Hairs stand up to form an insulating layer of air

No sweat is produced

Blood vessels constrict so that the blood is further from the surface

108
Q

Describe the journey of urea in the body

A

It is produced by the liver as a waste product

It is released into the blood by the liver

The kidneys filter it out of the blood and it is stored as urine in the bladder and it is excreted

109
Q

What are the 3 simple ways of controlling type 1 diabetes?

A

Eating less simple carbohydrates

Regular exercise

Injecting insulin (insulin therapy)

110
Q

Why can’t insulin be taken in a pill?

A

The enzymes in the stomach would destroy it before it could reach the bloodstream

111
Q

What are the 2 hormones that control blood sugar?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

112
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin meaning the blood sugar level is too high

113
Q

What are the 6 things that need to be controlled?

A 
Body temperature
Water content
Ion content
Blood sugar
Carbon dioxide
Urea
114
Q

What are the old and new ways of getting insulin for patients?

A

The old way was to extract it from the pancreases of pigs and cows

The new way is to make human insulin with genetic engineering

115
Q

What 3 things do kidneys do?

A

Remove urea from the blood

Adjust ions in the blood

Adjust water content in the blood

116
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

117
Q

What is the more difficult way of removing type 1 diabetes?

A

A kidney transplant

118
Q

What 3 things happen when the body is too hot?

A

Hairs lie flat

Sweat is produced by sweat glands and is evaporated from the skin

Blood vessels dilate so that the blood flows closer to the surface of the skin

119
Q

What is done if a transplant is rejected?

A

Immunosuppresive drugs are taken which are expensive and can have serious side-effects

120
Q

Why does the body keep body temperature at 37 degrees?

A

It is the optimum temperature for enzymes

121
Q

If someone sweats a lot, how will their urine be different?

A

Less urine will be produced but it will be more concentrated

This is because there is less water available that can make it more dilute

122
Q

How do the kidneys adjust the ion content?

A

Excess ions that would upset the balance of the ions and water are removed by the kidneys and added to the urine to be excreted

123
Q

Why does transpiration happen?

A

The way that leaves are adapted to perform photosynthesis means that water is lost through the stomata as a side-effect of photosynthesis

124
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the plant which is caused by evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves

125
Q

What are the 2 types of plant vessel?

A

Xylem

Phloem

126
Q

What do xylem tubes do?

A

They carry water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves in the transpiration stream

127
Q

What is xylem?

A

Made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle

128
Q

What do phloem tubes do?

A

They transport food substances made in the leaves to growing regions and storage organs of the plant
The transport is in both directions

129
Q

How are the effects of transpiration counterbalanced?

A

The water is replaced by the steady stream of water from the xylem vessels

130
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The continuous cycle of water evaporating off the leaves and being replaced by the roots at the sane rate as it is lost

131
Q

What is phloem?

A

It is made from columns of living cells with small holes in the ends to allow food substances to pass through

132
Q

What is the heart a double circulatory system?

A

One circuit goes around the body and one goes from the heart to the lungs and back

133
Q

What are the 3 properties of capillaries?

A

Arteries branch into capillaries and capillaries join back up into veins

They carry blood very close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them

They have thin, permeable walls so that substances can diffuse in and out

134
Q

What is the disadvantage of stents?

A

The arteries can narrow again and drugs must be taken to stop blood clotting on the stents

135
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood vessel and what are their basic functions?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Veins carry blood to the heart

Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials and split off from the arteries and veins

136
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body

137
Q

What are the 3 properties of veins?

A

They carry blood back to the heart at low pressure

They have thinner walls and larger centres than arteries because the pressure is lower

They have valves to stop blood flowing in the wrong direction

138
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted into arteries to keep them open and unblocked to strongly lower the risk of coronary heart disease

139
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A temporary blood substitute that can keep someone alive until they have a blood transfusion

140
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

141
Q

What are artificial valves?

A

Mechanical replacements for valves in the heart

142
Q

What is the most commonly used chemical for artificial blood?

A

A salt solution like saline

143
Q

What don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

So that more oxygen can be held as there is more space without the nucleus

144
Q

What are valves and where are they found in the circulatory system?

A

They stop blood from flowing in the wrong direction

They are found between each atrium and ventricle and before the pulmonary artery and the aorta

145
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the arteries are blocked up by fatty deposits

146
Q

Why do red blood cells have a concave shape?

A

So that the surface area is larger meaning that oxygen is absorbed better

147
Q

What is the main advantage of replacing a damaged heart with an artificial heart?

A

It can’t be rejected by the immune system because it is mechanical

148
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

To get food and oxygen to every cell in the body and to carry waste products to where they can be removed

149
Q

What is unusual about heart diagrams?

A

The left of the diagram is the right atrium and ventricle and vice versa

150
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A red pigment in red blood cells that combines with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin

In body tissues, oxyhaemoglobin is split back into its constituents

151
Q

What 5 things does the plasma carry? (not including cells, platelets or oxygen)

A 
Glucose
Amino acids
Carbon dioxide (waste)
Urea (waste)
Hormones
152
Q

What 3 things do white blood cells do?

A

They can change shape to engulf microorganisms

They can produce antibodies and antitoxins to fight microorganisms

They can detect unfamiliar microorganisms with the antigens on their surface

153
Q

How the atria and ventricles pump the blood around the circulatory system?

A

They are made from muscle tissue that contracts which pumps the blood

154
Q

Describe what happens to the blood in the heart

A

It comes into the vena cava, and is pumped through the right atrium, right ventricle and out of the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated

It comes back into the heart via the pulmonary vein and is pumped through the left atrium, left ventricle and out through the aorta to the rest of the body

155
Q

What is the plasma?

A

A liquid that contains everything carried by the blood that is not oxygen including the cells and platelets themselves

156
Q

What are the 3 properties of an artery?

A

They are made from thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch

Their walls are very thick

They pump blood away from the heart at high pressure

157
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at wounds

158
Q

What is the disadvantage of artificial valves?

A

The surgery needed to insert them is very large and dangerous and there can be problems with blood clots

From Flashcardlet (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions