Biology Test: Units 8 + 9 (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration) Flashcards
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that make their own food; producers (e.g. plants)
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume; consumers (e.g. humans)
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
What is photosynthesis?
When plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
What are pigments?
Light absorbing molecules
What is chlorophyll?
A plants principle pigment
What are thylakoids?
Saclike photosynthetic membranes
What is a photosystem?
Clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments
What is the stroma?
The region outside the thylakoid membranes
What is NADP+?
A carrier that holds two high energy electrons
What are light-dependent reactions?
Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
What is ATP synthase?
A large protein that uses H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
What is the Calvin Cycle?
Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree celsius
What is glycolosis?
The first step in releasing energy of glucose where one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
What is NAD+?
An electron carrier involved in glycolosis
What is fermentation?
A process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
What does anaerobic mean?
A process that does not require oxygen
What does aerobic mean?
A process that requires oxygen
What is the Krebs Cycle?
The process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon-dioxide by a series of energy extracting reactions
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle are used to convert ADP to ATP
What is a granum?
A stack of thylakoids
How does the sun provide most of the energy for living things?
Plants get energy from the sun and animals eat those plants. If we eat these plants or the animals that consumed the plants, we get energy.
What goes in and out of photosynthesis?
Carbon-Dioxide and Water go in, Sugars and Oxygen come out
What goes in and out of cellular respiration?
Oxygen and Glucose go in, Carbon Dioxide and Water come out
What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?
Light dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent)
What are the three reactions of cellular respiration?
Glycolosis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
What does a plant need in order for photosynthesis to occur?
Water, carbon-dioxide, light, and chlorophyll
What are the reactants and products of light dependent reactions?
Reactants: Water, ADP, NADP
Products: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
What are the reactants and products of light independent reactions?
Reactants: Carbon-dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Products: NADP+, ADP, Sugars
What are the two different steps that glycolosis can go into?
Lactic Acid Fermentation = Anaerobic
Alcoholic Fermentation= Aerobic
What organelle is related to photosynthesis?
The Chloroplast
What organelle is related to cellular respiration?
The Mitochondria
How are H+ ions used to make ATP?
H+ Ions enter ATP synthase, the protein rotates, and the energy from the rotation is used to bind ADP to a phosphate group
What is the FORMULA for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O –(Light)-> C6H12O6+6O2
What is the FORMULA for cellular respiration?
6O2+C6H12O6 —> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy(ATP)
