Biology 10 Week Exam Cards Flashcards
What is a controlled experiment?
Changing a single variable to test its effects without changing any other variables
What are the characteristics of living things?
- They are made up of cells
- They reproduce
- They are based on a universal genetic code
- They grow and develop
- They obtain and use materials and energy
- They respond to their environment
- They maintain a stable internal environment
- They change over time
What are the levels of organization in life science?
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem
- Community
- Population
- Organism
- Groups of cells
- Cells
- Molecules
What is the biosphere?
The part of earth that contains all ecosystems
What is an ecosystem?
A community and its non-living surroundings
What is a community?
Populations that lives together in a defined area
What is a population?
A group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
What is an organism?
Individual living thing
What are groups of cells?
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
What are cells?
Smallest functional unit of life
What are molecules?
Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds
What are the four main groups of organic compound found in living things?
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids
What are the functions of lipids?
They are used to store energy
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
They store and transmit the hereditary/genetic info
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
They are the main source of energy for living things; plants and some animals use them for structural purposes
What are the functions of proteins
They control the rate of reactions and control cell processes. Some are used to form bones or muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease
What is a multicellular organism?
Organisms made up of multiple cells
What is a unicellular organism?
Organisms made up of one cell
How do enzymes work?
They speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
What are the basic components of a compound light microscopes?
Light that passes through a specimen + two lenses
What are the functions of the nucleus?
It controls cell processes and contains the hereditary material DNA
What are the functions of the nuclear membrane?
It allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus
What are the functions of the nucleolus?
It produces ribosomes
What are the functions of ribosomes?
They produce proteins by following instructions from the nucleus
What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
They make proteins and transport materials… Two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
Smooth ER: Attaches carbs and lipids to proteins
Rough ER: Ribosomes stud its surface
What are the functions of vacuoles?
They store materials within the cell
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
It regulates what goes in and out of the cell
What are the functions of the cell wall?
Found in plants and other prokaryotes, the cell wall provides support and protection for the cell
What are the functions of the mitochondria?
- It is the “Power House” of the cell
- It converts food into high-energy compounds the cell can use (ATP)
- Cellular Respiration
What are the functions of the chloroplast?
Conduct photosynthesis + they use energy from the sun to create energy rich molecules
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
It gives the cell its shape and is involved in cell movement
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
It packages and distributes materials, makes vesicles for transport, and adds carbs and lipids to proteins
What are the functions of lysosomes?
They break down substances
What is an autotroph?
Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
What is stimulus?
A signal an organism responds to
What are chemical reactions?
A process that changes one set of chemicals into another
What is a reactant?
The elements that ENTER a chemical reaction
What is a product?
The elements PRODUCED by chemical reactions
What is activation energy?
The energy that is needed to start a reaction
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
What are substrates?
The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions
What does the cell theory state?
The theory that states:
- All living things are composed of cells (Theodor Schwann)
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells (Rudolph Virchow)
What is equilibrium?
When the concentration of the solute is the same in a system
What is a hypotonic solution?
When comparing two solutions of different concentrations, the one with a lower concentration of solutes
What is a hypertonic solution?
When comparing two solutions of different concentrations, the one with a higher concentration of solutes
What is an isotonic solution?
When the concentration of two solutions is the same
What is diffusion?
The process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
When molecules too big to diffuse through the cell membrane move through protein channels instead
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
What is active transport?
The diffusion of cells against a concentration difference
What is photosynthesis?
When plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbs
What is an organelle?
“Little organs”
What is cell specialization?
The process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
What is tissue?
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function
What is an organ?
Many tissues working together
What is an organ system?
Many organs working together
What is a pigment?
Light absorbing molecules
What a chlorophyll?
A plants principle pigment
What are thylakoids?
Saclike photosynthetic membranes
What are photosystems?
Clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments
What is the stroma?
The region outside the thylakoid membranes
What is NADP+?
A carrier that holds two high energy electrons
What are light dependent reactions?
Reactions that produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A cycle that uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree celsius
What is glycolosis?
the first step in releasing energy of glucose
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
What is fermentation?
A process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
What does ‘anaerobic’ mean?
A process that does not require oxygen
What does ‘aerobic’ mean?
A process that requires oxygen
What is the Krebs Cycle?
The process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon-dioxide by energy extracting reactions
What does the electron transport chain do?
It uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP
What is a heterotroph?
Organisms that obtain energy from the foods it consume; also called a consumer
