Biology Test: Genetics

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The scientific study of heredity

Question 2

Fertilization

Answer 2

The process in sexual reproduction in which male and female sex cells join to form a new cell

Question 3

True-breeding

Answer 3

Organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

Question 4

Trait

Answer 4

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

Question 5

Hybrid

Answer 5

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Question 6

Gene

Answer 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Question 7

Allele

Answer 7

A different form of a gene

Question 8

Segregation

Answer 8

The separation of alleles during gamete formation

Question 9

Gamete

Answer 9

A sex cell

Question 10

Punnet Square

Answer 10

A diagram showing the possible gene combinations from a genetic cross

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

An organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

The physical characteristics of an organism

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

The genetic makeup of an organism

Question 15

Independent Assortment

Answer 15

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

Question 16

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 16

A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

Question 17

Codominance

Answer 17

A situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

Question 18

Multiple Alleles

Answer 18

Three or more alleles of the same gene

Question 19

Polygenic Traits

Answer 19

A trait controlled by two or more genes

Question 20

Transformation

Answer 20

A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by the genes from another strain of bacteria

Question 21

Bacteriophage

Answer 21

A virus that infects bacteria

Question 22

Nucleotide

Answer 22

A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 23

Base Pairing

Answer 23

The principle that states bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine

Question 24

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 24

A type of RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Question 25

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 25

A type of RNA molecule that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Question 26

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 26

A type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Question 27

Transcription

Answer 27

A process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA

Question 28

RNA Polymerase

Answer 28

An enzyme that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

Question 29

Promoter

Answer 29

A region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Question 30

Intron

Answer 30

A sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Question 31

Exon

Answer 31

Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Question 32

Codon

Answer 32

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Question 33

Translation

Answer 33

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Question 34

Anticodon

Answer 34

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Question 35

Mutation

Answer 35

Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Question 36

Point Mutation

Answer 36

A gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

Question 37

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 37

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Question 38

Polyploidy

Answer 38

A condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

Question 39

Operon

Answer 39

A group of genes operating together

Question 40

Operator

Answer 40

A Region of a chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is turned off

Question 41

Differentiation

Answer 41

The process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 42

Hox Gene

Answer 42

A series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

Question 43

Diploid

Answer 43

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

Question 44

Haploid

Answer 44

A cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes

Question 45

How is DNA replicated?

Answer 45

The DNA molecule is unzipped by enzymes and new complementary bases are attached following the rules of base pairing

Question 46

What did Griffith conclude?

Answer 46

That a factor in heat-killed disease causing bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into disease causing bacteria

Question 47

What did Avery conclude?

Answer 47

That genes are composed of DNA

Question 48

How are proteins made?

Answer 48

DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA moves to ribosomes and tRNA brings the correct amino acids to build a polypeptide chain.

Question 49

DNA polymerase

Answer 49

An enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule