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Brice Seth Ben Flashcards 8th Grade > Biology Test: Genetics > Flashcards

Biology Test: Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

The process in sexual reproduction in which male and female sex cells join to form a new cell

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3
Q

True-breeding

A

Organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

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4
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

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5
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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6
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

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7
Q

Allele

A

A different form of a gene

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8
Q

Segregation

A

The separation of alleles during gamete formation

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9
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell

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10
Q

Punnet Square

A

A diagram showing the possible gene combinations from a genetic cross

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical characteristics of an organism

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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15
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

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16
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

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17
Q

Codominance

A

A situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

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18
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Three or more alleles of the same gene

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19
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

A trait controlled by two or more genes

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20
Q

Transformation

A

A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by the genes from another strain of bacteria

21
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

22
Q

Nucleotide

A

A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

23
Q

Base Pairing

A

The principle that states bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine

24
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A type of RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

25
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

A type of RNA molecule that makes up the major part of ribosomes

26
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

A type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

27
Q

Transcription

A

A process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA

28
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

29
Q

Promoter

A

A region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

30
Q

Intron

A

A sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

31
Q

Exon

A

Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

32
Q

Codon

A

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

33
Q

Translation

A

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

34
Q

Anticodon

A

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

35
Q

Mutation

A

Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

36
Q

Point Mutation

A

A gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

37
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

38
Q

Polyploidy

A

A condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

39
Q

Operon

A

A group of genes operating together

40
Q

Operator

A

A Region of a chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is turned off

41
Q

Differentiation

A

The process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

42
Q

Hox Gene

A

A series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

43
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

44
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes

45
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

The DNA molecule is unzipped by enzymes and new complementary bases are attached following the rules of base pairing

46
Q

What did Griffith conclude?

A

That a factor in heat-killed disease causing bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into disease causing bacteria

47
Q

What did Avery conclude?

A

That genes are composed of DNA

48
Q

How are proteins made?

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA moves to ribosomes and tRNA brings the correct amino acids to build a polypeptide chain.

49
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Brice Seth Ben Flashcards 8th Grade (23 decks)

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