Biology Test: Genetic Engineering & The Human Genome Flashcards
Selective Breeding
A breeding technique that allows only organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Hybridization
A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms
Genetic Engineering
The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Restriction Enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Gel Electrophoresis
A procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying electrical voltage
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
Plasmid
A small circular piece of DNA
Genetic Marker
A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t
Transgenic
A term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
Clone
A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Gene Therapy
The process of changing the gene that causes a genetic disorder
Karyotype
A photograph of chromosomes, ordered by size, in pairs
Sex Chromosome
One of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex
Autosome
A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Pedigree
A chart that shows the relationships within a family
Sex-linked Gene
A gene located on the X or Y chromosome
Nondisjunction
An error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
DNA Fingerprinting
The analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
What blood type is the universal reciever?
Type AB
What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
Mutations
What technique do scientists use to copy genes?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
What genetic disorders may result from nondisjunction?
Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, and Turner’s Syndrome
Why are viruses used in gene therapy?
Because of their ability to enter a cell’s DNA
