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biology lab > Biology Lab 2 > Flashcards

Biology Lab 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are carbs composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

What are the four important groups of carbohydrates

A

sugar, starches, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

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3
Q

Why are monosaccharides important

A

They are building blocks for more complex carbs and they are important for energy contained in bonds

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4
Q

How are monosaccharides linked together and what do they form

A

They are linked by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides

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5
Q

What are polysaccharides composed of

A

Very long chains of monosaccharides bonded together via glycosidic linkages

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6
Q

For the carbohydrates section of lab, what are you trying to identify

A

Unknown carbohydrates based on reactions with different chemicals

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7
Q

Why are benedict’s reagent important for this section of the lab

A

Because it is a chemical solution that changes color in the presence of monosaccharides and disaccharides and forms a colored precipitate

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8
Q

How does hydrolysis work within this lab

A

Polysaccharides can be broken down to produce simple sugars if they are heated in solution with concentrated HCl

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9
Q

What are the three carbs we will have to identify

A

Glucose, sucrose, and starch

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10
Q

What do lipids not form

A

Polymers

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11
Q

What are the most important lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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12
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic

A

They consists mostly of hydrocarbons, which from nonpolar covalent bonds

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13
Q

What is Sudan red

A

Lipid soluble dye

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14
Q

How does Sudan red work

A

When it is added to a mixture of lipids and water, this dye will move to the lipid layer and color it red. Identifies the lipid

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15
Q

What makes up the solution to pull out DNA

A

Mashed kiwi with DNA extraction solution and cold ethanol

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16
Q

How is DNA isolated from the lab today

A

By dissolving cell membranes in a detergent and precipitating the DNA with alcohol

17
Q

What is DNase and how does it work

A

Cells contain DNase which is enzyme and works by hydrolyzing DNA into individual nucleotides

18
Q

What are proteins composed of

A

carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

19
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

20
Q

How are proteins linked together

A

Through amino acids by peptide bonds form by a covalent bond between the amino and carboxyl group

21
Q

What are the polymers of amino acids

A

Polypeptides linked by peptide bonds

22
Q

What are the 4 structures of polypeptides

A

Primary: linear lining of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Secondary: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formed b hydrogen bonding
Tertiary: 3-D structure created by forming covalent and polar bonds
Quaternary: several polypeptide chains linked together

23
Q

What can affect tertiary structure

A

Heat and pH affect all but the covalent bond

24
Q

how do proteins lose their structure and what is that called

A

This is called denaturation and it occurs due to the disruption of polar bonds. This can happen because of two main factors; heat and pH.

25
Q

What is the main function of structural proteins

A

Provide Support:
Keratin
Collagen
Actin
Silk in spider webs

26
Q

What is the main function of transport proteins

A

Carrier molecules
Hemoglobin
Albumin

27
Q

What is the main function of messenger proteins

A

Communicate one part of the body with another
Oxytocin
Insulin

28
Q

How does the biuret test work in proteins

A

It first starts off as a light blue solution which will turn purple when mixed with a solution that has a protein. This process occurs when the copper ions of biuret reagent react with peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain.

29
Q

Where is amylase found

A

In saliva

30
Q

What is the main function of starch

A

Holds the reserve carbohydrates of plants and is a polysaccharide

31
Q

How is amylase important for digestion

A

It breaks down the chains of glucose in starch into maltose

32
Q

What is maltose

A

2 glucose compound

33
Q

What is the reaction that occurs with starch and iodine

A

Starch turns dark purple when treated with an iodine solution

34
Q

What happens to a reaction as the temperature increases

A

It speeds of the reaction; speeds up the molecules

35
Q

What happens to substrates when a temperature increases

A

The substrates collide more frequently with enzyme active sites

36
Q

If the temperature continues to increase to much higher temperatures, what can happen to the proteins

A

The proteins can denatured and this would cause enzymes to not work properly because the tertiary and quaternary structures would be denatured.

biology lab (22 decks)

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