Biology Lab 2 Flashcards
What are carbs composed of
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are the four important groups of carbohydrates
sugar, starches, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
Why are monosaccharides important
They are building blocks for more complex carbs and they are important for energy contained in bonds
How are monosaccharides linked together and what do they form
They are linked by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides
What are polysaccharides composed of
Very long chains of monosaccharides bonded together via glycosidic linkages
For the carbohydrates section of lab, what are you trying to identify
Unknown carbohydrates based on reactions with different chemicals
Why are benedict’s reagent important for this section of the lab
Because it is a chemical solution that changes color in the presence of monosaccharides and disaccharides and forms a colored precipitate
How does hydrolysis work within this lab
Polysaccharides can be broken down to produce simple sugars if they are heated in solution with concentrated HCl
What are the three carbs we will have to identify
Glucose, sucrose, and starch
What do lipids not form
Polymers
What are the most important lipids
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Why are lipids hydrophobic
They consists mostly of hydrocarbons, which from nonpolar covalent bonds
What is Sudan red
Lipid soluble dye
How does Sudan red work
When it is added to a mixture of lipids and water, this dye will move to the lipid layer and color it red. Identifies the lipid
What makes up the solution to pull out DNA
Mashed kiwi with DNA extraction solution and cold ethanol
How is DNA isolated from the lab today
By dissolving cell membranes in a detergent and precipitating the DNA with alcohol
What is DNase and how does it work
Cells contain DNase which is enzyme and works by hydrolyzing DNA into individual nucleotides
What are proteins composed of
carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
How are proteins linked together
Through amino acids by peptide bonds form by a covalent bond between the amino and carboxyl group
What are the polymers of amino acids
Polypeptides linked by peptide bonds
What are the 4 structures of polypeptides
Primary: linear lining of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Secondary: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formed b hydrogen bonding
Tertiary: 3-D structure created by forming covalent and polar bonds
Quaternary: several polypeptide chains linked together
What can affect tertiary structure
Heat and pH affect all but the covalent bond
how do proteins lose their structure and what is that called
This is called denaturation and it occurs due to the disruption of polar bonds. This can happen because of two main factors; heat and pH.
What is the main function of structural proteins
Provide Support:
Keratin
Collagen
Actin
Silk in spider webs
What is the main function of transport proteins
Carrier molecules
Hemoglobin
Albumin
What is the main function of messenger proteins
Communicate one part of the body with another
Oxytocin
Insulin
How does the biuret test work in proteins
It first starts off as a light blue solution which will turn purple when mixed with a solution that has a protein. This process occurs when the copper ions of biuret reagent react with peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain.
Where is amylase found
In saliva
What is the main function of starch
Holds the reserve carbohydrates of plants and is a polysaccharide
How is amylase important for digestion
It breaks down the chains of glucose in starch into maltose
What is maltose
2 glucose compound
What is the reaction that occurs with starch and iodine
Starch turns dark purple when treated with an iodine solution
What happens to a reaction as the temperature increases
It speeds of the reaction; speeds up the molecules
What happens to substrates when a temperature increases
The substrates collide more frequently with enzyme active sites
If the temperature continues to increase to much higher temperatures, what can happen to the proteins
The proteins can denatured and this would cause enzymes to not work properly because the tertiary and quaternary structures would be denatured.
