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Honors Biology (Freshman) > Biology Final Review > Flashcards

Biology Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a protist?

A

A single-called organism of the kingdom Protista.

Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.

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2
Q

What are the common protists and the diseases they cause?

A

Trypanosoma protozoa cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. Giardia protozoa cause giardiasis, and Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria

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3
Q

How are protists classified?

A

Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like

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4
Q

Plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

How do fungus like protists get their energy?

A

By absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter

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6
Q

How are animal-like protists classified?

A

Heterotrophs and are capable of moving

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7
Q

What is the definition of a fungus?

A

Plant-like organism that does not make chlorophyll

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8
Q

Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms?

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

How do most fungi feed?

A

On nutrients from decaying matter in the soil as well as parasites absorbing nutrients from the bodies of their hosts.

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10
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually and sexually

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11
Q

What is hyphae in Fungus terms?

A

Tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold

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12
Q

What is mycelium in fungus terms?

A

Many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass composes the bodies of multicellular fungi

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13
Q

What is stolon in fungus terms?

A

A stemlike hyphae that runs along the surface of an object

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14
Q

What is rhizoids in fungus terms?

A

Root hair that anchors the plant and conducts water

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15
Q

What are lichens?

A

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism; can survive in harsh environments

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16
Q

What type of environments can lichens survive in?

A

Harsh

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17
Q

What is the most important role of fungi in our environment?

A

Pioneer species

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18
Q

When yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow bread to rise?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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19
Q

Common fungi

A

Agaricus bisporus

Amanita phalloides

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20
Q

Diseases caused by common fungi

A

Ring worm
Athletes foot
Jocks itch
Yeast infections

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21
Q

What are fungi cell wells composed of?

A

Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body

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22
Q

What is the definition of a plant?

A

Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose

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23
Q

What are the major functions of stems in plants?

A

Supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them

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24
Q

What is the main function of cuticles?

A

A thick, waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them from water loss and injury

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25
Q

What is the main function of epidermis?

A

Makes up the dermal tissue or outer covering of a plant

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26
Q

What is the main function of mesophyll?

A

Specialized ground up tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves performs most of a plants photosynthesis

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27
Q

What is the main function of xylem?

A

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

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28
Q

What is the main function of phloem?

A

Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

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29
Q

What is the main function of guard cells?

A

Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of the stomata by responding to changes in water pressure

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30
Q

What is the main function of the stomata?

A

Opening in the underside of a lead that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

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31
Q

What the is the different between monocot angiosperm and dicot?

A

Angiosperm whose seeds have 1 cotyledon
Angiosperms whose seeds have 2 cotyledons

Embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

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32
Q

What all does the seed contain?

A

Main photosynthetic systems, increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb,

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33
Q

What vare the major functions of the leaves?

A

Main photosynthetic system, increases the amount of sunlight absorbed, conserves water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf

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34
Q

What are the 3 tropisms and what cause them to occur?

A

Phototropism

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35
Q

Function of the petal

A
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36
Q

Function of the carpel

A
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37
Q

Function of the pistil

A
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38
Q

Function of the Stigma

A
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39
Q

Function of the style

A
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40
Q

Function of the ovary

A
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41
Q

Function of the Ovule

A
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42
Q

Function of the stamen

A
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43
Q

Function of the filament

A
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44
Q

Function of the anther

A
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45
Q

Function of the sepal

A
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46
Q

What are ways that seeds can be dispersed?

A
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47
Q

How does fruit help with seed dispersal?

A
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48
Q

The term “vascular tissue” refers to what

A
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49
Q

Moving to land requires plants to develop what types of adaptations?

A
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50
Q

What are plant cell walls composed of?

A
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51
Q

What is fruit?

A
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52
Q

What is the definition of an animal?

A
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53
Q

What does cephalization refer to

A
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54
Q

What types of symmetry can cephalization be found in?

A
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55
Q

What is the different between an open/closed circulatory system?

A
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56
Q

Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?

A
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57
Q

What is the difference between an invertebrate and vertebrate?

A
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58
Q

The chordate phylum is very special because it requires what 4 characteristics?

A
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59
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the human body?

A

Cardiac

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60
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body

A

Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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61
Q

What is homeostasis and 2 examples

A
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62
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system

A
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63
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system

A
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64
Q

What are the major functions of the excretory system

A
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65
Q

What are the major functions of the reproductive system

A
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66
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system

A
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67
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system

A
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68
Q

What are the major functions of the muscular system

A
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69
Q

What are the major functions of the endocrine system

A
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70
Q

What are the major functions of the integumentary system

A
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71
Q

What are the major functions of the circulatory

A
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72
Q

What are the major structures of the lymphatic system

A
73
Q

What are the major structures of the nervous system

A
74
Q

What are the major structures of the excretory system

A
75
Q

What are the major structures of the reproductive system

A
76
Q

What are the major structures of the respiratory system

A
77
Q

What are the major structures of the skeletal system

A
78
Q

What are the major structures of the muscular system

A
79
Q

What are the major structures of the endocrine system

A
80
Q

What are the major structures of the integumentary system

A
81
Q

What are the major structures of the circulatory system

A
82
Q

Sweating, urination and respiration are all related because they all allow the body to red itself of excess what?

A
83
Q

Monomers of a protein

A

Amino acids

84
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates

A
85
Q

Monomers of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

86
Q

Monomers of lipids

A
87
Q

Functions of protein

A
88
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
89
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A
90
Q

Functions of lipids

A
91
Q

Father of Evolution

A

Charles Darwin

92
Q

What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?

A

Galapagos

93
Q

What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?

A

Survival of the fittest, natural selection and evolution

94
Q

What was Darwin’s work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?

A

Origin of the Species

95
Q

What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?

A

The organism(s) most fit for the environment will survive.

96
Q

What does the term “natural selection” mean?

A

Nature chooses the best to continue

97
Q

What people influenced Charles Darwin?

A
98
Q

What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?

A
99
Q

What does the term “fitness” mean?

A
100
Q

Vestigial structure is

A
101
Q

Homologous structure is

A
102
Q

Analogous structure is

A
103
Q

Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?

A
104
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A
105
Q

What is the order of classification from domain to species?

A
106
Q

What are the 2 major categories of cells and how do you determine the differences between them?

A
107
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria/viruses

A
108
Q

What are the 2 major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them

A

Archaebacteria and

109
Q

How are bacteria helpful/harmful

A
110
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A
111
Q

What is a vaccine and what does it do?

A
112
Q

What does a Gram staining test show?

A
113
Q

What are antibiotics and what do they do?

A
114
Q

Common bacteria diseases

A
115
Q

Common viral diseases

A
116
Q

Levels of organization organism->biosphere

A

Organism, population, community, ecosystem,biosphere

117
Q

Producer

A
118
Q

Autotroph

A
119
Q

Consumer

A
120
Q

Heterotroph

A
121
Q

Decomposer

A
122
Q

Herbivore

A
123
Q

Omnivore

A
124
Q

Carnivore

A
125
Q

Scavenger

A
126
Q

Detrivore

A
127
Q

What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?

A
128
Q

What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it affect and why is it important?

A
129
Q

Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?

A
130
Q

Nutrients in the living environment flow in how many directions?

A
131
Q

A valid hypothesis must be

A

An if then statement.

132
Q

A valid hypothesis is based on what

A
133
Q

How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?

A

One at a time

134
Q

What are the characteristics of a living thing?

A

Move, breathe, reproduce, grow

135
Q

Biology is the study of?

A

LIFE

136
Q

Part and function of: nucleus

A

Regulates the cells activities, growth,

137
Q

Part and function of: ribosome

A

Protein Synthesis

138
Q

Part and function of: mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell,

139
Q

Part and function of: cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters and exits the cell.

140
Q

Part and function of: cell wall

A

Provides strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress.

141
Q

Part and function of: Golgi apparatus

A

Helps package and process proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

142
Q

Part and function of: Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

143
Q

Part and function of: lysosome

A

Break down macromolecules into their constituent parts, which are then recycled

144
Q

Part and function of: flagella

A

Movement

145
Q

Part and function of: cilia

A

Move microbes and debris up and out of the airways (triggers coughs)

146
Q

Part and function of: central vacuole

A

Acts as a storage place for water and other molecules in the cell.

147
Q

Part and function of: chloroplast

A

Converts light energy into stable chemical energy via photosynthesis

148
Q

What is the different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.

149
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

150
Q

What is cell specialization and why is it needed?

A

The process where in “general” or “common” cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions.

151
Q

What 3 organelles are in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

A

Cell wall, large central vacuole, plastids

152
Q

What is diffusion and why does it occur?

A

Diffusion occurs when one side of a membrane has more of a substance than the other. The side with the least substance receives more from the side that has the greater amount.

153
Q

What cell size is more efficient?

A

Smaller cells, more efficiently controlled than larger cells.

154
Q

What happens at the following stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, Metaphase

A 
G1= Copies DNA
G2= prepares to divide
Mitosis= Divides
155
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

G1, S, G2, M

156
Q

What is cancer?

A

A cell that no longer has control over division.

157
Q

Structure of a chromosome

A

Chromatid,

158
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose(Sugar) and the nitrogen base

159
Q

What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Phosphate, ribose(sugar) and nitrogen base (no thymine.)

160
Q

After DNA replication what are the double helixes composed of?

A

Two linear strands that run opposite to each other.

161
Q

What is the function of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

A 
mRNA = carry the coding for protein synthesis 
rRNA = molecules from ribosome
tRNA = carries amino acids to ribosomes
162
Q

What happens during the process for transcription

A

The information in the stand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA

163
Q

What happens during the process of translation?

A

mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up protein

164
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

C6H1206+602 -> 6C02+6H20

165
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2+6H20 -> C6H1206+602

166
Q

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

A

Glucose

167
Q

Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?

A

Most often triggered by a lack of oxygen to run the aerobic respiration chain

168
Q

What is lactic acid and what does it cause?

A

It forms when the body breaks form carbs to use for energy when O2 levels are low

169
Q

What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?

A

Aerobic - with air

Anaerobic - without air

170
Q

During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?

A

36

171
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

Chloroplasts

172
Q

What organelle goes cellular respiration occur in?

A

Mitochondria

173
Q

Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?

A

Because the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration.

174
Q

What is the definition of a hybrid?

A

Two different traits combined into one.

175
Q

Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?

A
176
Q

What is a punnet square and what does it help determine?

A

Shows different outcomes|

177
Q

What is the difference between an organism’s diploid and haploid number?

A
178
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A
179
Q

Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?

A

Crossing over gives the offspring a little bit of the mom, and a little bit of the dad.

Honors Biology (Freshman) (24 decks)

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