Biology - Chapter 9: Diversity of Life Flashcards
Taxonomy Classifications
1) Kingdom
2) Phylum
3) Class
4) Order
5) Family
6) Genus
7) Species
Taxonomy Mnemonic
King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup
Gram Positive Bacteria
- thick peptidoglycan layer
- stain dark purple
Gram Negative Bacteria
- thin peptidoglycan layer
- stain pink (due to counterstain)
Archae
- cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
- ribosome has unique structure
- contain introns
6 Kingdoms
Archae, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Protist
Kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organism
Fungus-like protists
- e.g. slime molds
- no cell wall made of chitin
- saphrophytic/phagocytosis
- asexual reproduction and sporulation
Plant-like protists
- among the most important primary producers in aquatic environments
- unicellular
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- asexual
Fungi
- heterotrophic saprophytes
- have hyphae
- favorable conditions: asexual, produce haploid spore via mitosis
- unfavorable conditions: sexual, produce diploid cell that makes spores via meiosis
Nonfilamentous fungi
- e.g. yeast
- unicellular
- asexual (budding)
- facultative anaerobes
Filamentous fungi
- e.g. molds, mushrooms
- multicellular
- multinucleate (form hyphae)
- sexual
- aerobic
Mycelium
-Network of hyphae
1) Septate hyphae: dividing hyphaes
2) Coenocytic hyphae: long continuous w/o division
Lichens
- symbiotic autotrophs
- fungi paired with either algae or cyanobacteria
Coelom
- cavity
- Acoeolomates, Pseudocoelomates, Coelomates
Coelomates
- mesoderm surrounds the coelom on all sides
- Phyla: Annelida, Mollusca, Arthtropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata
Acoelomates
- mesoderm does not surround the coelom on all sides
- Phylum: platylhelminthes
Pseudocoelomates
- mesodorm partially surrounds coelom
- Phyla: nematoda, rotifera
Animal Phyla Mnemonic
Privileged Children Play Nicely Rapidly and Maturely, Arthur Ensures Cooperation
Porifera
- e.g. sponge
- first animal
- asymmetrical
- digest via amoebocytes
- feed as suspension feeders
- asexual/hermaphrodites
Cnidaria
- e.g.: hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral
- Body symmetry: radial
- -Tissue organization: diploblasts
- Circulatory system: diffusion
- Nervous system: nerve net (no brain)
- Respiratory system: diffusion
- Digestive system: gastrovascular cavity
- General characteristics: some have nematocysts, switch from polyp (asexual) to medusa (sexual)
Platyhelminthes
- e.g: flatworms, flukes, tapeworm, planaria
- Body symmetry: bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblast
- Circulatory system: none
- Nervous system: ganglia
- Respiratory system: diffusion
- Digestive system: gastrovascular cavity (except tapeworms)
- General Characteristics: sexual/asexual, parasite
Nematoda
- e.g: round worm, hook worm, trichinella C. elegans
- Body symmetry: Bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblasts
- Circulatory system: diffusion
- Nervous system: nerve cord and ring
- Respiratory system: diffusion
- Digestive system: alimentary canal
- General characteristics: cuticle, parasite
Rotifera
- e.g: Rotifers
- Body symmetry: bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblast
- Circulatory system: diffusion
- Nervous system: ganglia
- Respiratory system: diffusion
- Digestive system: alimentary canal (mouth and anus)
- General characteristics: sexual or parthogenetically, freshwater environments, draws food and water in mouth by beating cilia
Annelida
- e.g: earthworms, leach
- Body symmetry: bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblast
- Circulatory system: closed circulatory system
- Nervous system: ganglia
- Respiratory system: diffusion
- Digestive system: alimentary canal
- Embryonic development: protostome (mouth first)
- General characteristics: segmented, sexual/asexual, muscly boi
Mollusca
- e.g: clam, snail, slug, squid, octopus, cephalopod
- Body symmetry: bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblast
- Circulatory system: open
- Nervous system: brain
- Respiratory system: gills
- Digestive system: alimentary canal, radula
- Embryonic development: protostome
- General characteristics: visceral mass, radula, hemocoel
Arthtropoda (all)
- e.g: insects, arachnida, crustacean
- Body symmetry: bilateral
- Tissue organization: triploblast
- Circulatory system: open (hemolymph, kinda like blood)
- Nervous system: ganglia
- Digestive system: one-way digestion
- Embryonic development: protostome
Arthropoda (insects)
E.g.: ant, grasshopper
- Respiratory system: spiracles and tracheal tubes
- General characteristics: exoskeleton made of chitin, three pairs of legs, A LOT, metamorphosis
Arthtropoda (arachnida)
E.g.: spider, scorpion
- Respiratory system: trachae or book lungs
- General characteristics: exoskeleton, jointed appendages, four pairs of legs
Arthropoda (crustacea)
- E.g.: lobsters, crayfish, crab
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: exoskeleton, jointed appendages, aquatic/terrestrial
Echinodermata
- e.g: starfish, sea urchin, sea urchin, sea cucumber
- Body symmetry: bilateral (larvae), five-fold radial (adult)
- Tissue organization: triploblasts
- Circulatory system: open, no heart
- Nervous system: nerve ring
- Respiratory system: none
- Digestive system: complete, mouth and anus
- Embryonic development: deuterostome
- General characteristics: water vascular system, central disk, tube feet, sexual/asexual, closest related to chordates
Chordates
- e.g.: vertebrates
- body symmetry: bilateral
- tissue organization: triploblasts
- embryonic development: deuterostome
4 Shared Traits of Chordates
1) Notochord
2) Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
3) Pharyngeal Gill Slits
4) Muscular post-anal tail
Notochord
- cartilaginous rod derived from mesoderm
- forms the primitive axis
- replaced by bone
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
forms spinal cord
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
- forms pharynx, gills, other feeding structures
- in humans: eustachian tubes
Muscular post-anal tail
lost during embryonic development in humans and many other chordates :(
Chordate: Lanceletes
- Subphylum: cephalochordata
- Circulatory system: closed, no heart
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: no vertebrae
Chordate: Tunicates
- Subphylum: Tunicate
- Circulatory system: closed and open
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: notochord in larvae, sessile filter feeders, sexual and asexual (budding)
Chordate: Fish (Jawless)
- e.g.: lamprey, hagfish
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: two chambered heart
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: notochord in both stages of life, cartilaginous skeleton
Chordate: Fish (Cartilagonous)
- e.g.: shark
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: two chambered heart
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: jaws and teeth, reduced notochord with cartilaginous vertebrae
Chordate: Fish (Bony)
E.g.: salmon, halibut
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: two chambered heart
- Respiratory system: gills
- General characteristics: scales, bony skeleton
Chordate: Amphibia
E.g.: Frog, toad, salamander, newt
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: three chambered heart
- Respiratory system: gills in juveniles, lungs in adults
- General characteristics: no scales, metamorphosis (tadpoles)
Chordate: Mammalia (Monotremes)
E.g.: duckbill platypus, spiny anteater
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: four chambered heart
- Respiratory system: lungs
- General characteristics: homeothermic, feed young with milk, leathery eggs, sweat milk
Chordate: Mammalia (Marsupials)
E.g.: kangaroo, opposum
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: four chambered heart
- Respiratory system: lungs
- General characteristics: homeotherms, feed young with milk
Chordate: Mammalia (Placental)
E.g.: Bat, whale, human, doggy
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: four chambered heart
- Respiratory system: lungs
- General characteristics: homeotherms, placenta support fetus
Chordate: Reptilia
E.g.: Turtle, snek, crocodile, alligator
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: Three chambered (except crocodile and alligators = four chambered)
- Respiratory system: lungs
- General characteristics: mainly terrestrial, leathery eggs, internal fertilization, cold blooded
Chordate: Birb
E.g.: Eagle, blue jay
- Subphylum: vertebrata
- Circulatory system: Four chambered heart
- Respiratory system: Lungs
- General characteristics: homeotherms, eggs in shell
