Biology - Chapter 15: Animal Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Instincts
A
-Innate behaviors occuring without thought
2
Q
Reflex Arcs
A
- Simple reflexes: most rapid
- Complex reflexes: slower because of interneurons
3
Q
Fixed Action Patterns
A
- hardwired actions initiated by a specific stimulus
- leads to predictable and appropriate behaviors that do not need to be learned
4
Q
Imprinting
A
- innate way that animals learn behaviors that will never be forgotten
- occurs during critical period/critical imprinting stage
5
Q
Learned behaviors
A
-increase an animal’s fitness, allowing it to adapt to unexpected events
6
Q
Classical conditioning
A
- pairing a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus
- conditions the unconditioned response to be mentally paired with a neutral stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response
7
Q
Operant conditioning
A
- learning to associate a behavior with a reward (increase behavior)
- learning to associate a behavior with punishment (decreased behavior)
8
Q
Punishment
A
- Positive punishment: add something bad to decrease behavior
- Negative punishment: take away something good to decrease behavior
9
Q
Reinforcement
A
- Positive reinforcement: add something good to increase the behavior
- Negative reinforcement: take away something bad to increase a behavior
10
Q
Kinesis
A
- animal movement
- changing speed in random directions, no target
11
Q
Taxis
A
- animal movement
- movement within a specific direction
- e.g. Chemotaxis or phototaxis
12
Q
Migration
A
- animal movement
- long-distance movement from one area to another due to instinct, often seasonal
13
Q
Inclusive fitness
A
- sum of animal’s direct (genes animal passed on) and indirect fitness (genes passed on by relatives)
- increased by indirect fitness (kin selection)
14
Q
Hamilton’s Rule of Altruism
A
r x B > C
r = genetic relatedness between altruist and relative B = # of genes passed on by relative after being saved by altruist C = direct fitness
15
Q
For altruistic behavior to occur…
A
Indirect fitness > direct fitness
