Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology - Chapter 11.7: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Biology - Chapter 11.7: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Three Types of Hormones

A

1) Peptide hormones
2) Steroid hormones
3) Amino-acid derived hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peptide Hormone Synthesis

A
  • rough ER

- made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Peptide Hormone Action

A
  • Indirect stimulation
  • Bind to cell surface receptors
  • via secondary messengers or ligand-gated ion channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GPCRs

A
  • G-protein coupled receptors
  • cell surface receptors that initiate a secondary messenger response
  • dissociates into subunits after activation (alpha beta gamma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RTKs

A
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • cell surface receptors that dimerizes and initiates a second messenger response after binding to peptide hormone
  • intracellular domains of RTKs cross-phosphorylate and initiate second messenger signaling within the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Second messenger system allows for…

A

… quick and immediate physiological changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroid Hormone Synthesis

A
  • smooth ER

- made up of fused 4-ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steroid Hormone Examples

A
  • All hormones produced by adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgenic steroids)
  • All hormones produced by reproductive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid Hormone Action

A
  • carried through blood-stream via protein carrier
  • freely crosses cell membrane
  • binds to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus to form molecule-receptor complex
  • these complexes bind to DNA and influence gene transcription (direct stimulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amino-acid derived hormones

A

can have properties that are similar to both peptide hormones and steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amino-acid derived hormones synthesis

A
  • rough ER and cytosol

- mainly derived from tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amino-acid derived hormones examples

A
  • All hormones produced in adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
  • T3 and T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

1) ADH: decreases urination by increasing water retention

2) Oxytocin: uterine contractions, lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

1) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing): causes release of LH and FSH
2) TRH (thyrotropin-releasing): causes release of TSH
3) CRH (corticotropin-releasing): causes release of ACTH
4) GRH: causes release of GH (growth hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

A

-Released by hypothalamus to inhibit release of other hormones by anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tropic hormones

A

-Target other endocrine glands for further hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FSH

A
  • tropic hormone released by anterior pituitary

- follice growth and sperm maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LH

A
  • tropic hormone released by anterior pituitary

- ovulation, corpus luteum formation and testosterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ACTH

A
  • tropic hormone released by anterior pituitary

- release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland to fight stress

20
Q

TSH

A
  • tropic hormone released by anterior pituitary

- stimulates T3 and T4 production by the thyroid gland to increase metabolism

21
Q

Direct hormones

A

-targets organs directly for effects

22
Q

Prolactin

A
  • direct hormone released by anterior pituitary

- stimulates mammary gland development and increases milk production

23
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • direct hormone released by anterior pituitary

- BIG BONES BOI

24
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • releases melatonin

- regulates circadian rhythm

25
Q

3 Main Thyroid Hormones

A

1) Triiodothyronine (T3)
2) Thyroxine (T4)
3) Calcitonin

26
Q

T3

A
  • Triiodothyronine
  • released in response to TSH
  • increases metabolism in body
  • has a negative feedback effect on TSH secretion
27
Q

T4

A
  • Thyroxine
  • increases metabolism in body
  • less potent than T3 but is more stable in blood
28
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • decreases blood calcium
  • stimulates osteoblasts
  • inhibits osteoclasts
29
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • under-secretion of T3 and T4
  • reduced levels of metabolism
  • over-secretion of TRH, enlarging thyroid gland
30
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • over-secretion of T3 and T4
  • increased levels of metabolism in the body
  • hyperactive thyroid gland
31
Q

PTH

A

-parathyroid hormone
-increases blood calcium
-stimulates osteoclasts
-

32
Q

Pancreas Exocrine Tissue

A

-Secretes digestive enzymes through pancreattic duct into small intestine

33
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A
  • Endocrine pancreas glands
  • secretes:
    1) glucagon
    2) insulin
    3) somatostatin
34
Q

Alpha cells

A

-secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose which stimulate liver and fat tissue to release glucose storages

35
Q

Beta cells

A
  • secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose levels

- insulin lowers glucose levels by stimulating the liver, muscles, and fat tissue to store glucose

36
Q

Insulin

A

lowers glucose levels by stimulating the liver, muscles, and fat tissue to store glucose

37
Q

Delta cells

A

-secretes somatostatin, which inhibits growth hormone

38
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • inhibits growth hormone

- inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin

39
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • stimulated by secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary
  • releases steroid hormones
  • produces glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • small amounts of sex hormones
40
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol
  • raise blood glucagon levels for immediate fuel during periods of long-term stress
  • lowers immune response
41
Q

Mineraloccorticoids

A
  • aldosterone

- increase blood volume and blood pressure by raising reabsorption of Na+

42
Q

Ovaries

A

-Progesterone and Estrogen

43
Q

Testes

A

-testosterone

44
Q

LH

A

Females: ovulation
Males: testosterone production

45
Q

FSH

A

Females: follicle growth in ovaries (increased progesterone and estrogen)
Males: stimulates sperm maturation

DAT (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions