Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology - Chapter 12: Reproduction and Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Biology - Chapter 12: Reproduction and Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Germ cells

A
  • produce gametes via meiosis

- male spermatogonia, female oogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Spermatogonia undergo two meiotic divisions to become spermatids and differentiate into sperm
  • Seminiferous tubules –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> penis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A
  • secrete fructose (nutrients for ATP)
  • viscous mucus (cleans and lubricates urethra)
  • prostaglandins (cause urethral contractions which propels sperm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prostate Gland

A

-alkaline secretions to counteract uterine acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

-viscous mucus (cleans and lubricates urethra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FSH in Males

A

-stimulates sperm development in seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LH in Males

A

-stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Matures sperm

- gives rise to secondary sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ovary

A

-Produces eggs (ovum, ova) that travel through fallopian tube to uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uterus

A
  • Provides ideal environment for fertilized egg to implant and develop
  • 3 layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (inner, lined with mucus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cervix

A

-Narrow opening of uterus leading to vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oogenesis

A

1) Many oogonia produced, small fraction remains and differentiates into primary oocytes (begin meiosis but arrested in prophase I until puberty)
2) At puberty: one egg per month ovulates, completing meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte (meiosis II) and polar body
3) If fertilization occurs: meiosis II is completed
4) At the end of meiosis II: 2-3 polar bodies and 1 oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FSH in Females

A

-stimulates follicles in ovary to develop as well produce estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

LH in Females

A

-stimulates ovulation of egg, corpus luteum formation, which produces estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A
  • Menstrual cycle and reproduction

- Give rise to female secondary sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phases

A

1) Follicular Phase
2) Ovulation
3) Luteal Phase
4) Implantation/No Implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing homrone (GnRH)
  • -> anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH
  • -> FSH binds to ovaries and induces follicles to develop
  • -> developing follicles release estrogen
  • -> endometrium thickens
  • -> rapid LH spike –> ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ovulation Phase

A
  • Egg is released from Graafian follicle
  • -> fimbriae on oviduct catches egg, cilia sweep egg into oviduct –> egg travels down oviduct, awaiting sperm fertilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • follicle develops into corpus luteum (maintained by FSH and LH)
  • -> corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen
  • -> uterine lining thickens (prepares for implantation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If No Implantation occurs…

A
  • LH and FSH levels drop
  • -> corpus luteum can no longer be maintained
  • -> progesterone and estrogen levels drop
  • -> endometrium sloughs off (menstruation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If Implantation occurs…

A
  • outer layer of placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
  • -> maintains corpus luteum
  • -> progesterone and estrogen levels maintained
  • -> endometrium remains (no menstruation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Positive Feedback Loops

A
  • stimulate a pathway to increase production
  • Lactation
  • Childbirth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A
  • inhibit a pathway to decrease production
  • GnRH release stimulates FSH and LH, stimulates testosterone, testosterone inhibits GnRH release, lowering FSH and LH
  • same occurs with estrogen and progesterone in menstrual cycle
24
Q

Fertilization

A
  • Joining of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg to form a diploid zygote
    1) Capacitation
    2) Acrosomal reaction
    3) Polyspermy Block
    4) Completion of Meiosis II for the Secondary Oocyte
    5) Zygote formation
25
Q

Capacitation

A
  • Final maturation step for sperm prior to fertilization
  • Triggered by secretions in uterine wall
  • Destabilizes sperm plasma membrane proteins and lipids which results in preparation of sperm tip and hyperactive state
26
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A
  • Recognition process between sperm and egg before fusion
  • Ensures same-species fertilization
  • Sperm eats away into egg
27
Q

Polyspermy Block

A
  • Prevents polyploidy by inhibiting polyspermy (multiple sperms penetrating egg)
  • Fast block: occurs first, prevents sperm binding
  • Slow block: zona pellucida impenetrable
28
Q

Completion of Meiosis II for the Secondary Oocyte

A
  • During meiosis II, egg is arrested in metaphase

- After penetration, meiosis in the secondary oocytee continues, resulting in a haploid oocyte and polar body

29
Q

Zygote formation

A
  • Monozygotic twins: identical twins, one zygote splits. Two embryos with identical genetic materials
  • Dizygotic twins: fraternal twins, two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm (different genetic material)
30
Q

Cleavage

A
  • rapid cell division without changing the total mass of the cell
  • results in smaller cells called blastomeres
31
Q

Axis of Cleavage

A
  • Radial cleavage: cells alligned in vertical axis (deuterostomes)
  • Spiral cleavage: misaligned cells, deviate from axis (protostomes)
32
Q

Fate of Cells

A
  • Determinate cleavage: blastomeres have decided fate

- Indeterminate cleavage: blastomeres do not have pre-set fate

33
Q

Evenness of Embryo Division

A
  • Holoblastic cleavage: throughout entire embryo, evenly divides embryo, in animals with little yolk (humans, sea urchins, except froggos)
  • Meroblastic cleavage: partial cleavage, emrbyo not evenly divided, in animals with LOTS of juicy yolk (birds, fish, reptiles), exhibits polarity
34
Q

Morula

A
  • ball of blastomeres

- forms at 12 - 16 cell stage

35
Q

Blastula stage

A
  • hollow cavity
  • forms at 128 ceell stage
  • blastocoel is hollow, fluid filled cente
36
Q

Blastocyst stages

A
  • cells of blastula divide and differentiate to form
    1) Trophoblast (outer ring of cells)
    2) Inner Cell Mass (forms embryo)
37
Q

Trophoblast

A
  • outer ring of cells in blastocyst
  • forms extraembroynic membranes (amnion, yolk sac, chorion, allantois): supports embryo
  • implants embryo in uterus
  • produces HCG (maintains corpus luteum and endometrium)
38
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A
  • forms embryo
  • differentiates into two layers (bilaminar stage):
    1) Hypoblast: partially contributes to yolk sac, degenerates via apoptosis
    2) Epiblast: contributes to MAIN EMBRYO, allows for gastrulation to occur
39
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • formation of a trilaminar embryo

- Epiblasts invaginate inwards through primitive streak forming 3 germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

40
Q

Archenteron

A
  • center cavity

- formed by blastopore

41
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • outer germ layer

- forms: CNS/PNS, ear, eye, nose, skin, enamel of teeth, adrenal medulla

42
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle germ layer

- forms: bone and skeleton, muscle, cardiovascular system, gonads, adrenal cortex, spleen, notochord

43
Q

Endoderm

A
  • inner germ layer

- epithelial lining of digestive respiratory, and excretory systems, PLTT( pancreas, liver, thyroid/para, thymus)

44
Q

Organogenesis

A

-Formation of new organs

45
Q

Neurulation

A
  • nervous system development:
    1) Neural plate development
    2) neural fold/neural groove appears
    3) neural tube formation
    4) neural tube differentiates into CNS
46
Q

Totipotent

A

-stem cell can become any cell

47
Q

Pluripotent

A

-stem cell can become any of the 3 germ layers

48
Q

Multipotent

A

-stem cell can only differentiate to specific tissue types

49
Q

Amnion

A
  • Innermost layer

- secretes amniotic fluid (water cushion, protects embryo)

50
Q

Chorion

A
  • Outermost layer
  • Placental mammals: forms fetal half of the placenta
  • Egg-laying animals: membrane for gas exchange underneath egg shell
51
Q

Allantois

A
  • sac that buds off of the archenteron
  • stores waste for disposal
  • Placental mammals: transports waste to placenta, becomes umbilical cord, forms urinary bladder
  • Egg-laying animals: initially stores uric acid, later fuses with chorion
52
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • contains yolk (intraembryonic, provides nutrients)
  • Placental mammals: transient function until placenta develops, first side of blood cell formation
  • Egg-laying animals: provides nutrients
53
Q

Factors Influencing Development

A

1) Embryonic Induction
2) Homeotic genes
3) Egg cytoplasm determinant
4) Apoptosis

54
Q

Embryonic Induction

A
  • organizers

- secrete chemicals that influence what neighboring cells become in the future

55
Q

Homeotic genes

A
  • Master controller
  • turning different gene expressions on/off
  • Homeobox is a common sequence of ~180 nucleotides that is crucial in animal development
56
Q

Egg Cytoplasm Determminant

A

-If egg cytoplasm is unevenly distributed, an axis is created, influencing how embryo divides during cleavage

57
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death important for normal development of fetus
  • e.g. removing webbing between fingers and preventing cancers

DAT (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions