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DAT > Biology - Chapter 11.3: Human Immune System > Flashcards

Biology - Chapter 11.3: Human Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immune System

A
  • First line of defense

- Nonspecific immune response (generalized)

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2
Q

Outer Walls

A

1) Skin
2) Cilia
3) Stomach acid
4) Symbiotic bacteria

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3
Q

Rally signaling

A

Mast cell release histamine which dilates blood vessels, making vessels more permeable to let immune cells into tissue

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4
Q

DAT Mnemonic for 5 Signs of Inflammation

A 
S welling
L oss of function
I ncreased heat
P ain
R edness
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5
Q

Diapedesis

A

Process by which cells move from capillaries to tissues in order to fight pathogens.

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6
Q

DAT Mnemonic Five Main Types of Leukocytes from Highest to Lowest Quantity

A 
N ever     (Neutrophils)
L et          (Lymphocytes)
M onkeys       (Macrophages/Monocytes)
E at                 (Eosinophils)
B ananas         (Basophils)
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7
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Phagocyte
  • Innate immunity
  • Make up over half of all leukocytes
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8
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • B and T Cells (Adaptive Immunity)

- Natural Killer Cells (Innate Immunity)

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9
Q

NK Cells

A
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Attack virally-infected cells + cancerous cells
  • Use perforin to create holes and granzyme to lyse cells
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10
Q

Macrophages/Monocytes

A
  • Phagocyte
  • Innate immunity
  • Can act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity
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11
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Have granules that kill pathogens, parasites

- Innate immunity

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12
Q

Basophils

A

-Similar to mast cells

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13
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • Part of innate immunity
  • Scan tissues using pinocytosis/phagocytosis
  • Migrate to lymph nodes to activate adaptive immunity
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14
Q

Interferons

A
  • prepare cells for virus attack

- activate dendritic cells

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15
Q

Complement System

A
  • Group of approximately 30 proteins that aid immune cells in fighting pathogens
  • Turn on each other via complement cascade
  • Release cytokines
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16
Q

Complement Protein Actions

A
  • Opsonization (tags antigens for phagocytosis)
  • Amplifies inflammatory response
  • Forms membrane attack complex
17
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

-specific immune response (targets specific antigens)

18
Q

MHC

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex

- recognizes self proteins from non-self proteins

19
Q

MHC Class I

A

-Present on all nucleated cells

20
Q

MHC Class II

A
  • Surface molecule present on antigen-present cells

- Used to present foreign antigens to activate immune cells

21
Q

B Cells

A
  • Control antibody-mediated immunity
  • manage production and release of antibodies
  • activate antigen-presenting cells
22
Q

Antibodies

A
  • Immunoglobins
  • Structurally identical to b cell receptors but freely circulate in blood and lymph
  • Tag antigens for phagocytosis, neutralize the antigen by coating it, or activate the complement system
23
Q

DAT Mnemonic Classes of Antibodies

A 
Me (IgM)
And  (IgA)
Eve  (IgE)
Don't  (IgD)
Go   (IgG)
24
Q

IgM

A
  • largest antibody

- first antibody to be produced and activates the complement system

25
Q

IgA

A
  • in bodily secretions (binds externally)

- passive immunity via breast milk

26
Q

IgE

A
  • antigen receptor in basophils and mast cells

- triggers allergic reaction when bound to an allergen releases histamine

27
Q

IgD

A

-only small amounts are produced

28
Q

IgG

A
  • Most abundant antibody in circulation

- Only antibody that can cross the placenta and give fetus passive antibody

29
Q

Memory B Cells

A
  • Survive for a long time and lay dormant until reactivated by the same antigen
  • Trigger original clonal expansion
  • After reactivation, memory B cells cause massive antibody production
30
Q

T-Cells

A
  • control cell mediated immunity by directly actin on cells instead of sending antibodies out
  • unique T cell receptors
  • Must bind to antigens presented on antigen-presenting cells to be activated
31
Q

MHC I Presentation

A
  • T Cells differentiate into CD8 T Cells (Cytotoxic T Cells)
  • Kill infected cells through perforin and granzymes
  • More specific and require antigen presentation, unlike natural killer cells
32
Q

MHC II Presentation

A
  • T Cells differentiate into CD4 T Cells (helper T Cells)
  • Helper T Cells release cytokines to boost both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
  • Help attract other cells and increase proliferation of other T and B Cells
33
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Receiving antibodies from another organism that already has that immunity
  • placenta, breast feeding
34
Q

Active Immunity

A

-Already had been infected once already by pathogen and contains memory B and T Cells

DAT (16 decks)

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