Biology - Chapter 11.2: Respiratory System

Question 1

Left lung has ____ lobes and is _____ than the right lung, which has _____ lobes.

Answer 1

2; smaller; 3

Question 2

Inspiration

Answer 2

• Contraction of diaphragm that pulls lungs downwards

- Causes pressure of the intrapleural space to decrease and the volume of the lungs to increase

Question 3

Expiration

Answer 3

• Relaxation of the diaphragm, bringing lungs back up the rib cage through elastic recoil
• Causes pressure of the intrapleural space to increase and the volume of the lungs to decrease

Question 4

Tidal volume

Answer 4

Volume of air that moves through the lungs between a normal inhalation and exhalation

Question 5

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 5

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled further after a normal inhalation is already taken

Question 6

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 6

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled further after a normal exhalation is already released

Question 7

Residual volume

Answer 7

Minimum amount of air that needs to be present in the lungs to prevent collapse

Question 8

Function residual capacity

Answer 8

Entire volume of air still present in the lungs after a normal exhalation

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 9

Vital capacity

Answer 9

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 10

Total lung capacity

Answer 10

It is that maximum volume the lungs could possibly hold at any given time

Vital capacity + residual volume

Question 11

Overall Pathway of Air

Answer 11

Nasal cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

Question 12

Alveoli

Answer 12

Contain:
Type 1 Epithelial cells (structural support)
Type 2 Epithelial cells (produce surfactant)

Question 13

Hemoglobin

Answer 13

• Tetrameric
• Heme cofactor in each of its subunits
• Can carry up to four oxygen mollecules

Question 14

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 14

Transports most of the oxygen traveling in the blood

Question 15

Cooperativity

Answer 15

Binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin makes it easier for others to bind, due to the change in shape of the hemoglobin polypeptide

Question 16

Carboxyhemoglobin

Answer 16

Produced when carbon monoxide outcompetes oxygen for hemoglobin binding

Question 17

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 17

Form of hemoglobin that transports CO2. CO2 is very soluble in blood than oxygen, so most of the CO2 is dissolved in blood as bicarbonate anion

Question 18

Reduced hemoglobin

Answer 18

Produced by H+ ions binding to hemoglobin, outcompeting oxygen and lowering oxygen binding affinity

Question 19

Myoglobin

Answer 19

• Single peptide with one heme cofactor
• Much higher affinity for oxygen than oxyhemoglobin
• Found within cardiac and skeletal muscle cells to provide oxygen
• Has a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve

Question 20

Oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 20

Relationship between the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the blood and the partial pressure of oxygen.

Question 21

Right shifted curve

Answer 21

Lowered affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin, caused by:

1) Decreased pH
2) High partial pressure of CO2
3) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
4) Increased body temperature

Question 22

Left shifted curve

Answer 22

Increased affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin, caused by:

1) Increased pH
2) Low partial pressure of CO2
3) Fetal hemoglobin
4) Decreased body temperature

Question 23

CADET, face right!

Answer 23

Carbon dioxide, Acid, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, Exercise and Temperature

Question 24

Cadet Increase –>

Answer 24

Right shifted curve

Question 25

Bohr Effect

Answer 25

• Hemoglobin has decreased oxygen affinity when CO2 is high

- Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate anions and protons, which produce reduced hemoglobin

Question 26

Haldane effect

Answer 26

• Hemoglobin has increased CO2 affinity when oxygen is low

- Reduced hemoglobin levels are higher and have a greater affinity for CO2

Question 27

Bicarbonate buffering system

Answer 27

-Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Question 28

Chloride Shift

Answer 28

As bicarbonate diffuses out of cell, but H+ protons cannot leave. This creates a positive charge within the erythrocyte and Cl- ions diffuse into the blood cell to cancel out the positive charge of protons.

Question 29

Influx of protons

Answer 29

• Causes the pH to decrease within the erythrocyte, resulting in the conversion of oxyhemoglobin into reduced hemoglobin
• Reduced hemoglobin has lower affinity for O2, leading to the release of O2 into tissues

Question 30

Breathing is controlled by…

Answer 30

medulla oblongata via central chemoreceptors

Question 31

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 31

• Surround aortic arch and carotid arteries

- When CO2 is high and oxygen is low, signal to medulla oblangata to iuncrease breathing rate

Question 32

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 32

lowered blood pH occurs due to inadequate breathing (hypoventilation)

Question 33

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 33

increased blood pH occurs due to rapid breathing (hyperventilation)

Question 34

Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

Answer 34

Lowered blood pH, increased blood pH

Occurs as a result of imbalances in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or proton levels