Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology - Chapter 10: Plants > Flashcards

Biology - Chapter 10: Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Seed coat

A

Hard outer layer that covers and protects the seed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endosperm

A

Storage material, provides the embryo with nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Embryo Parts

A

1) Radicle - develops into root
2) Hypocotyl - bottom region of young shoot
3) Plumule - develops into leaves
4) Epicotyl - shoot tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Germination

A

Sprouting of a seedling from dormant state when environmental conditions are favorable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meristems

A

Where plant growth takes place (via mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary growth

A

Vertical growth occurring at apical meristems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Root tip growth zones

A
  • Zone of division
  • Zone of elongation
  • Zone of maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secondary growth

A

Horizontal growth occurring at lateral meristems. Only occurs in woody plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located between primary xylem and primary phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cork cambium

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located outside in the phloem, produces cork, outermost protective layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ground tissue

A

provides structural support, makes up most of plant’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parenchyma

A

Filler tissue, makes up bulk of plant, thin cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collenchyma

A

Extra support, irregular cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Provides main structural support, thick cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports materials from source to sink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transport sugars from leaves to roots

- Made of sieve cells and companion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sieve cells

A

Form a tunnel for transport, no organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Companion cells

A

Connected to sieve cells, contain organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports water from roots to leave

- Made of tracheids and vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tracheids

A

Long and thin, water travels through pits in their tapered ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vessel elements

A

Short and stout, water travels via perforations in cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Outer layer of the plant, provides protection and regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Epidermis

A

Covered by waxy layer which prevents water evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area of roots for greater nutrient and water uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Symplastic pathway

A

Inside the cell’s cytoplasm, Water uptake in the roots

26
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

Outside the cell through cell walls, Water uptake in the roots

27
Q

Stomata

A
  • In the lower epidermis
  • Open and close allowing for gas exchange
  • Surrounded by guard cells
28
Q

Stomata are closed when…

A

… CO2 concentration and temperature are high

29
Q

Stomata are open when…

A

… CO2 concentratioon is low

30
Q

Desiccation

A

Water loss

31
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Closer to upper epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out photosynthesis

32
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Closer to lower epidermis, loosely packed allowing for gas exchange

33
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

Surround and protect the vascular bundle

34
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A
  • Transpiration causes water to evaporate from stomata and leads to a transpirational pull
  • This cohesive force pulls water column upward
35
Q

Capillary action

A

Adhesive force due to attraction between water and xylem vessels causes water to climb upwards

36
Q

Root pressure

A

Build up in roots, causing a osmotic gradient that drives water from soil into the roots

37
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis

A
  • Source cells produce sugar and load it into phloem
  • Increased sugar concentration creates a gradient pulling water into phloem
  • Turgor pressure in phloem increases, resulting in bulk flow movement of sugar from leaves down to roots
38
Q

Ethylene

A

Gas that increases fruit ripening

39
Q

Auxins

A

Cause cell growth in certain directions (tropism)

40
Q

Phototropism

A

growth towards light

41
Q

Gravitropism

A

growth away from pull of gravity

42
Q

Thigmotropism

A

growth in response to contact

43
Q

Cytokinins

A

Regulate cell differentiation and division with auxins

44
Q

Gibberellins

A

Stem and shoot elongation, flowering, leaf and fruit death

45
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

Functions during stress

46
Q

Alternation of Generation

A

2 haploid gametes fuse, produce diploid zygote –> zygote becomes sporophyte via mitosis –> produces haploid spores via meiosis –> spore becomes gametophyte via mitosis–> gametophyte produces gametes

47
Q

Homosporous Plants

A

Bisexual gametophyte, produces one type of spore

48
Q

Heterosporous Plants

A

Produce two types of spores:

1) Microspores (male)
2) Megaspores (female)

49
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Nonvascular plants: small and short
  • e.g.: mosses, hornworts, liverworts
  • Contain rhizoids (water-absorption hairs)
  • Majority of life spent in gametophyte stage
  • Reduced sporophyte which is attached to gametophyte
50
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • Vascular: growth vertically and tall, have root system!
  • Spend most of life cycle in sporophyte stage
  • Include seedless
  • Include seed-bearing (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
51
Q

Seedless Tracheophytes

A
  • Mostly heterosporous with flagellated sperm
  • Lycophytes and pterophytes
  • e.g. club moss, quillworts, fern, horsetail
52
Q

Seed-bearing Tracheophytes

A
  • All heterosporous

- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

53
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Unprotected seeds
  • e.g. conifers, spruce, redwood
  • Sperm is not flagellated and is dispersed in seeds by wind
54
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • Most abundant plant
  • Flower bearing and produce fruit from plant ovary
  • Sperm is not flagellated and is dispersed by wind and animals, often as pollen
  • Can exhibit double fertilization
55
Q

Flower Structure

A
  • Petals
  • Stamen (male sex organ): composed of anther and filaments
  • Pistil (female sex organ): composed of stigma, style and ovary
56
Q

Fertilization

A

Pollen lands on stigma –> tube cell elongates down style forming pollen tube –> generative cell travels down pollen tube to ovary –> splits forming two sperm cells

57
Q

Angiosperm: Cotyledons

A

First leaves to appear on seedling. Contain nutrients from seed to feed growing seedling

58
Q

Angiosperm: Monocots

A
  • Single cotyledon
  • Long narrow lead, parallel veins
  • Vascular bundles scattered
  • Floral parts in multiples of 3
59
Q

Angiosperm: Dicots

A
  • Two cotyledon
  • Broad leaf, network of veins
  • Vascular bundles in ring
  • Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
60
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

-Plants have symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

61
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A
  • in root nodules of legumes

- fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and ammonium

62
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

-convert ammonia and ammonium to nitrites and then to nitrates

DAT (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions