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PMP 102 Drugs & Medicines > Biological Molecules I > Flashcards

Biological Molecules I Flashcards

1
Q

Marcomolecules

A
  • Composed of
    molecular subunits
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2
Q

Supramolecular Complexes

A
  • Assembly
    of macromolecules
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3
Q

Cells and organelles

A

Comprised of
supramolecular complexes

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4
Q

Biomacromolecules

A
  • Natural polymers (MW > 5000) are assembled from
    monomers with MW < 500, usually
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5
Q

Amino acids form

A
  • Protiens and are part of amide chemistry
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6
Q

Fatty acids form

A
  • Phospholipids which are part of ester chemistry
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7
Q

Carbohydrates form

A
  • Poly saccarides which are part of acetal chemistry
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8
Q

Nucleobases form

A
  • Nucleic acids which is part of phosphoester chemistry
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9
Q

Biomacromolecules assembly and function

A
  • Interact with one another to form cellular structures in specific highly regulated ways
  • Responsible for cellular functions and are weak reversisble and reliant on cellular shape
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10
Q

Important structural factors of Biomacromolecules

A
  • Chiral molecules which exist as
    single enantiomers
  • Stereospecific specific configurations in the interacting molecules
  • Water is the solvent of all biochemical processes, and it often acts also as a reactant in biochemical reactions
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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) atoms
  • Monosaccharide Molecular Formula: Cm(H2O)n
  • Empirical Formula (most simple sugars)
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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A
  • Missing OH group compared to normal carbohydrate
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13
Q

Carbohydrate Structure
Monosaccarides

A
  • Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed to simple compounds
  • Contains a single poly hydroxy alderhyde or ketone
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14
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Sugars that can be hydrolysed to monosaccarides
  • Sicrose
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15
Q

Polysaccarides

A
  • Carbohydrates that can be hydrolysed to monosaccharides
  • Cellulose
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16
Q

Classification of monosaccharides

A
  • Number to carbons - trios and tetrose
  • Whether sugar contains ketone or alderhyde group
  • Sterochemical configuration furthest away from carbonyl group
  • D if OH close to carbonyl group (right side) and L if not close to carbonyl (left)
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17
Q

When do D and L sugars usually form

A
  • D forms in naturally occouring sugars
  • L forms in the enantiomers
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18
Q

Epimers

A
  • Diastereomers that differ in the sterochemistry of a single carbon
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19
Q

Carbohydrate Chemistry

A
  • Reactions catalysed by trace of strong acid hemi acetl
  • Generally unstable and nucleophillic addiction to C=O
20
Q

Steps of carbohydrate chemistry

A
  • Protonation of carbonyl group
  • OH group acts as a nucleophile
  • Deprotonation gives a cyclic hemiacetyl
    -5- and 6-membered cyclic hemiacetals are
    stable
21
Q

Aldohexoses

A
  • Favour six membered rings
  • Hemiacetal link inbetween alderhyde carbon and hydroxyl group on C5
22
Q

Anomers of monosaccharides

A
  • Diastereomic product anomer
  • First carbon is anomeric carbon only boned to 2 O
  • In distilled water at room temp - alpha anomer inter convert to form mixture
23
Q

Reactions with carbohydrates

A
  • Reduction with NaBH4 and nickel catalyst
  • Oxidation - monosaccharide is a reducing sugar can act as a reducing agent free aldehyde and ketone group
24
Q

Formation of aldonic acid

A
  • Addition of bromine water to Aldose forms aldonic acid
25
Q

Formation of aldaric acids

A
  • Addition of nitric acid forming aldaric acid from aldose
26
Q

Glycoside formation

A
  • Form glycosidic bond from addition of alcohol and H+
  • Form aglycone OCH3
27
Q

Alkylation to give ethers and esters

A

Add excess alkyl halide and Ag2O forms ether
Add Ac2O pyridine to form ester

28
Q

Maltose

A

Glucosidic linkage 1,4 alpha antomer

29
Q

Cellobiose

A

1,4 glucosidic linkage beta glucoside linkage beta antomer

30
Q

Disaccharides lactose

A

Beta 1,4 galactosidic linkage
Beta anomer galactosidic linkage
Axial 4-hydroxy group of galactose

31
Q

Gentiobiose

A
  • Beta 1,6 glycosidic linkage beta anomer
32
Q

Sucrose

A
  • Alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-fructofuranoside
  • Alpha anomer glycosidic link on glucose
    Alpha and beta anomer fructose and sucrose
33
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrate that contains monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

34
Q

Oligosaccharides

A
  • Smaller polysaccharide contains 3 - 10 monosaccharide units
35
Q

Anomeric carbon and glycoacidic links

A
  • Except units of chain all anomeric carbon atoms are involved in glycosidic links
36
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide of D glucose monomers
Stronger than steel
Dietry fibre not digested
Low fibre constipation and gut diseases
High fibre reduce cholesterol and risk of diabetes

37
Q

Polysaccharide function

A
  • Intracellular energy store - starch plants polymers of glucose
  • Rigid structure of the cell walls
  • Extra and intracellular signalling attached to membranes proteins and lipids
38
Q

Sweeteners

A
  • Steviol glycosides unusual glycosidic bond hard to break
39
Q

Lactulose

A
  • Beta 1,4 glucosidic linkage
  • Galactose and fructose beta anomer
  • Osmotic laxative not naturally occurring
    Water accumulation and unusual mode of action no target
40
Q

Cardiac Glycoside

A

Digitalis Lanata source of cardiovascular disease
Foxgloves - toxic to cardiac glycosides
Digoxin - used for heart failure and CV conditions monitor for toxicity

41
Q

Glucosamine

A
  • Simple amino sugar supplement for joint health
42
Q

Polysaccharide in cells

A
  • Attached to proteins on surface of cells
  • Important mediators of cellular communication
    ABO blood groups
43
Q

DNA and RNA

A
  • Hold genetic info
  • DNA carries genetic info
  • RNA uses the info to make bio molecules and components of cell
44
Q

Primary structure of DNA and RNA

A

phosphide ester bond linn two nucleotides
Restriction on rotation sugar forms puckered
- 4 atoms in single plane
- Fifth atom C2 and C3 i the same ending or opposite exo to C5

45
Q

DNA and RNA secondary structure

A
  • 2 chains of DNA in opposite directions double strand base pair allow specific H bonding
46
Q

Aldopentose + Ketohexoses

A
  • Formation of a six membered ring

PMP 102 Drugs & Medicines (56 decks)

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