Biological Development Flashcards
the during the prenatal stage.
MONTH 1
Embryonic stage conception -3 months
•Conception takes place : fertilization of and egg and the sperm (the genetic material of the sperm and the egg combines and creates one cell
🔴 ZYGOTE.
•Cell division begins
•A process called gastrulation leads to the formation of 3 layers
Ectoderm- later become the sensory organs and nervous system
Mesoderm - later become skeleton, muscles and circulatory system
Endoderm- later become the digestive and glandular systems.
- At 14 days the Zygote turn into an embryo
- The heart tube and early rudimentary form of the heart begins to pump blood through the amniotic sac to the embryo
- Lungs, kidneys and liver begin to form
- 1/100th of inches long.
MONTH 2
- Embryo begins to take on muscle mass and bone.
- Facial features begin to grow
- Embryo’s forehead remains prominent due to the rapid brain development.
- Heart is beating
- Neural tube begins to form
🔴🔴🔴 IMPORTANT THAT THE MOTHERS TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES
- Sex organs start to form
- Embryo has its own blood type
- 0.56- 0.8 inches long and weighs no more than a peanut.
MONTH 3
- Sex organs develop.
- Baby’s teeth are formed, vocal codes and digestive tract is fully developed
- stomach cells begins to secreting fluid and liver begins to produce bile
- Heart is fully developed
- 2.5 inches long and weighs 2.8 ounces.
- Babu frowns , yawns, curls toes and never sleeps
MONTH 4
- Lower part of the body grows rapidly
- Sex organs become distinct.
- Spine becomes straighter and hands, feet become more defined
- Brain is fully developed.
- Face is fully developed.
- Placenta is completely formed
- Baby flutters and kicks
- 6-7 inches long and weighs 2.8 ounces
MONTH 5
- Skin develops the final components
- Child can recognize voices
- Definite sleep-awake cycles
- REM sleep occurs
- Baby drinks and taste amitotic fluids
- Hair grow all over the body
- Eyebrows and eyelashes begin to grow
- 8-13 inches long and weighs 9 ounces
MONTH 6
- Rapid growth continues
- Taste buds form in great numbers
- eyes lids that were formerly shut begin to open
- listens to conversations and loud noises startle the baby
- 11 and 14 inches long and weighs 1.2pounds
MONTH 7
- Considered capable of surviving of born prematurely
- Brain is fully developed
- Child is very active
- Hair is growing longer
- Skin is wrinkled
- 15 inches and long and weighs 2.4 pounds
MONTH 8
- Lungs are maturing
- Gaining more fat under skin
- Bones become harder.
- Drinks amniotic fluids and and practices swallowing
- 19 inches long and weighs 4-5 pounds
MONTH 9
- Adds the final touches
- Comes to a head down position
- Bones in the head are soft for birth
- space inside the womb gets tighter therefore the movements are limited
- 19-21 inches long and weighs 6-9 pounds
What are the possible hazards to prenatal development
1) GENETIC DEFECTS
Caused Mental Retardation and developmental delay
2) TERATOGENS
substances that harm the embryo or the fetus and cause birth defects or birth.
The impact of the teratogens depend on two factors
1. The timing of exposure determining how the body is harmed or not
- The amount of exposure determining the extent to which the harm may occur
Possible teratogens
- viruses and bacteria
Can cross the placenta - HIV, organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases, Measles
- Certain medical drugs and Psychoactive drugs
(Asprin, heroine and cocaine) - Moderate or heavy consumption of alchohol cause sever damage : fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Industrial chemicals : Mercury, Led, Contaminated water
3) Nutrition deficiencies
Ex: Folic acid deficiency ➡️ neural tube defects
4) A loss of blood flow can be complicated during crucial times of development
Ex : early months of brain development
Growth - refers to an increase in size and weight
Development - refers to the increase in physical, emotional, social and cognitive abilities
Maturation - reaching full growth and development.
Describe the physical growth in infancy of the following
1 size and weight
2 body
3 motor skills
Babies follow a predictable pattern.
Size and weight
- 18-21 inches long, weighs 6-9 pounds at birth
- lose weight during the first couple of days
- babies increase 50% of their height and triple the birth weight by the end of the 1st year
- rate of growth slows down after infancy
-born with reflexes
Sucking - suck on any objects
Rooting - turn head toward anything that brushes the cheek and gropes around with the mouth
Grasping- close the fist around anything thats placed on hand
Swallowing and stepping
When infants can control their hands reflexes vanish.
Body
Body proportion, size, relationship between parts is different from adults
Abdomen is larger arms and legs are smaller and shorter
• head 👨🏽🦲
-larger ( 1/4 of the total length) and peaked at birth becomes well rounded in several days
made up of palates of bones held loosely through a canvas like tissue, as the baby is pushed through the birth canal its sightly misshapen)
- flexible and wobbly
- head should be supported when the baby is held
Baby survives concussions
- moves head side to side➡️ strengthen the muscles holding the head , helps head rearing
- by 3 months baby can hold the head erect
• eyes 👀
- focus on singles features
- stares intently at things in the visual range
- Bruce L White, visual range is. 5-18 inches
- by 3 months sees like an adult
- prefer bright and colored objects
- prefer human faces
- BLW , till 6 weeks, extremely sensitive to bright lights
•ears 🦻🏼
- focus on singles sounds and recognize speech patterns
- good hearing
- startles easily - startle reflex
- prefer the sound of human voice
•mouth 👄
- sucking reflex is active
- preference to only selected tastes
- taste buds on tongue and roof of the mouth are sensitive
• teeth 🦷🦷
- forms from prenatal time
- calcium and phosphorus is very essential
- primary teeth ➡️ 6-8 months, first to appear are the two lower front teeth
- by the end of 1 year have 6-8 teeth
- teeth are important for nutrition, pronunciation
- baby teeth last till 6-7 yrs, fall out the same order they emerged
•arms and hands 🙌🏽 💪🏻
- no control of arms and hands at first
- grasping reflex is active
- cant open their fists still 3 months
• torso 🤾🏼♂️
-doubles and redoubles several time before adulthood
-control of the torso waits till brain maturation
•3 months - control of the spine and head
• (3) -5months - can sit up
•14 months - walks
Legs and feet 🦵🏼🦶
- most helpless parts of the body
- baby often stays in the fatal position
- legs ate slightly bowed and curved and straightens by age 2-3
Rule of development is that
development takes place in a head to toe direction
Brain is the control center and develops rapidly legs and feet are the last to develop
motor skills ( ability use and control muscles )
- develops as muscles mature
- uncoordinated movements
- 3-5 months can sit and hold their head
- in following months they crawl, turn over stand up and eventually walk.
