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FINALS > BIOL MIDTERM (1) > Flashcards

BIOL MIDTERM (1) Flashcards

1
Q

First cell that existed billions of years ago

A

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Separate what inside of the cell from what outside of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Made of peptidoglycan a polymer of sugars and amino acids

A

Cell wall

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4
Q

“interior of the cell”

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Fluid within cytoplasm, jelly like substance where all the cellular components float around

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

Region where the genetic information for a prokaryotic cells can be found

A

Nucleoid

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7
Q

Nucleic acid made of millions of atoms, certain portion of molecules are called genes

A

DNA

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8
Q

Parts that code for proteins (Nucleoid)

A

Genes

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9
Q

Complex macromolecules made of RNA and protein

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

___Takes the instructions and build all the different protein that the cell need to survive

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

(Ribosomes)
Copies DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

(Ribosomes)
Metabolic enzymes, Has a role in metabolism

A

Hexokinase

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13
Q

To best supply the cell with necessary tools for survival, it ought to have a high :

A

Need a high surface area/ volume ratio

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14
Q

Cells have a diameter of around

A

0.01mm

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15
Q

Humans are made of

A

Eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Humans are ____one human is made of many cells

A

Multicellular

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17
Q

Contains number of components called ____ (not present in prokaryotic cells)

A

Organelles

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18
Q

Proposed billions of years ago there where many different types of bacteria floating around, all of which where unicellular

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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19
Q

Bacteria acquired unique function:

A
  1. Capable of photosynthesis
  2. Capable of respiration
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20
Q

It is believe larger host cells enveloped some of those smaller bacteria, _____ arose each relying on other for some crucial function

A

Mutual dependency

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21
Q

Smaller cell received ___
While larger one reaped the benefits of ____

A

Protection
Energy -producing process

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22
Q

“endo “ means
“Symbiosis” means

A

Inside
Cooperative relationship

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cells store their genetic information in the ___

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

Nucleus own membrane:

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. outer ring
  3. Spokes
  4. Basket
  5. Filaments
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25
Q

___Lets certain things in or out passing through tiny holes called ___

A

Nuclear envelopes
Nuclear pores

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26
Q

___ separate from the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Chromatin

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27
Q

Smaller area where ribosomal (RNA) is synthesized

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

Present both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

Ribosomes are made of :

A

Ribosomal (RNA) and proteins

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30
Q

Components of the cell comes together to make up the ____

A

Endo membrane system

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31
Q

Set of membrane bound regions consist of ;

A

Nuclear envelopes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

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32
Q

Network of membrane that encloses the (ER lumen )

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
( ER LUMEN). Are stuff inside consisting of sacs called ___

A

Cisternae

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34
Q

(Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
Ribosomes synthesized polypeptide and sometimes affixed with carbohydrates to make ___

A

Glycoproteins

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35
Q

Like a bubble that buds from the ER. Membrane

A

Vesicles

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36
Q

Smooth ER functions;

A

Synthesis
Metabolism
Storage of inorganic ions

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37
Q

Smooth ER produces ___ and ___ similar to sex hormones

A

Phospholipids
Steroids

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38
Q

Consist of series of stacks

A

Golgi apparatus

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39
Q

(Golgi apparatus)
There is a ___ usually facing ER where vesicles arrive ____ where vesicles leave

A

Cis face
Trans face

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40
Q

Products are given ___ to direct them to their destination

A

Molecular tags

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41
Q

Sac containing environment that is much more acidic than the rest of the cell

A

Lysosomes

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42
Q

The breakdown of a compound to reaction with water molecule

A

Hydrolysis

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43
Q

(Lysosomes)
When food enters a cell through a vesicle by a process called ___ multiple vesicles fuse to form a ___

A

Phagocytosis
Vacuole

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44
Q

Lysosomes can also digest damaged organelles that need to be dismantled in a process called ___

A

Autophagy

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45
Q

(not part of the endomembrane system) carry out cellular respiration generates most of the energy cells needs

A

Mitochondrion

46
Q

(mitochondria) Cellular respiration 3 steps

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The citric acid cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
47
Q

Mitochondrion 2 membrane

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane

48
Q

Inner membrane makes many folds called ___

A

Cristae

49
Q

(Mitochondrion)
The are between two membrane is the ___

A

Intermembrane space

50
Q

The innermost part is the ____ (contains circular DNA molecules called ____)

A

Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial DNA

51
Q

___ Contains enzymes that can perform oxidative processes, which make ___ as a byproduct. Work with mitochondria by breaking down fatty acids into smaller components that are ready for cellular respiration

A

Peroxisome
Hydrogen peroxide

52
Q

Networks of fibers that stretch throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and keep everything nice and organized

A

Cytoskeleton

53
Q

Cytoskeleton consist of ____ made of ___

A

Hollow microtubules
Tubulin dimers

54
Q

(Cytoskeleton)
Microfilaments made of two intertwined strands of ___ and intermediate filaments made of ___

A

Actin
Coiled keratins

55
Q

____ determine and maintain the shape and structural integrity of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

56
Q

Motor protein called ___ can move vesicles around the cell

A

Kinesins

57
Q

(Cytoskeleton)
____Region near the nucleus where microtubules originate, consist of a pair of ___ which have microtubules arranged in a ring ___ (specific)

A

Centrosome
Centrioles
9 sets of 3

58
Q

___ is like a tiny factory

A

Cells

59
Q

___ is like a security guard, deciding what can go in or out

A

Plasma membrane

60
Q

____ systems of girders that provides structures

A

Cytoskeleton

61
Q

___ factory floor

A

Cytoplasm

62
Q

Main office - giving orders from the genetic instructions

A

Nucleus

63
Q

___ the assembly line

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

___ factory workers building proteins the cell needs

A

Ribosomes

65
Q

___ sorting and shipping center

A

Golgi apparatus

66
Q

___ maintenance and disposal workers

A

Lysosomes

67
Q

Power plant that powers the whole

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

A living systems with components that cooperate for survival

A

Cells

69
Q

The site of photosynthesis produces simple sugars from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

A

Chloroplast

70
Q

(Chloroplast) (Eukaryotic cells)
Plants convert ___ into ___

A

Solar energy
Chemical energy

71
Q

Chloroplast two membrane;

A

Ribosomes
Nucleoid (own DNA)

72
Q

(Eukaryotic cells - Chloroplast)
Happen all the action on the inside

A

Intermembrane space

73
Q

(Eukaryotic cells- Thylakoids)
__System of interconnected sacs arranged in __ (little sacs )

A

Thylakoids
Grana

74
Q

Pigment molecules that gives leaves their green color, present in the membrane of the thylakoids

A

Chlorophyll

75
Q

(Eukaryotic cells)
__Contains a fluid called ___ (cells store inorganic ions like potassium and chloride)

A

Central vacuole
Cell sap

76
Q

Smaller vacuole functions;

A

Store important protein
Contains poison
Contains pigments

77
Q

Protects the cell, maintains it shape and further regulates what goes in and out

A

Cell wall

78
Q

(Cell wall)
___Made of poly saccharides called ___

A

Middle lamella
Pectins

79
Q

(Cell wall)
___. Connect adjacent cells, allowing movement of cytosol and small molecules from one cell to another, essentially turn the plant into one huge ___

A

Plasmodesmata
Continuum

80
Q

The cell membrane is ___ (let things through while preventing other things)

A

Semipermeable

81
Q

(Semipermeable- Eukaryotic cells)
Structure of the plasma membrane is similar to soap ___ (molecules arranged themselves with ____ heads facing out and the ____ pointing in)

A

Micelles
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

82
Q

Non polar Hydrophobic portion;
____ acid tend to avoid contact with water

A

Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids

83
Q

(EUKARYOTIC CELLS -SEMIPERMEABLE)
___ are phospholipids not fixed in their location, swimming around and constantly changing places

A

Fluid mosaic

84
Q

(EUKARYOTIC CELLS - SEMIPERMEABLE)
Gives membrane some rigidity

A

Cholesterol

85
Q

Float about in the sea of phospholipids and facilitates the movements of some kind of molecules across membrane

A

Channel protein

86
Q

___Molecules moves across membrane along with concentration gradient, moving from ___ to ____

A

Diffusion
Higher concentration
Lower concentration

87
Q

Facilitated diffusion includes polar molecules (water, glucose, ions)

A

Passive transport

88
Q

No energy spent

A

Facilitated diffusion

89
Q

Ions use __ when moving with the concentration gradient
Ions use __ when moving against the concentration gradient

A

Passive transport
Active transport

90
Q

___ is needed to move ions against the gradient (currency of the cellular energy)

A

ATP

91
Q

Move water
Moved ions

A

Aquaporins
Ion channels

92
Q

Binding with glucose causes it to change shape

A

Glucose transporter

93
Q

Other types of proteins ;
1. For cell recognition
2. Maintain cell structures
3. Control chemical signaling

A

Glycoproteins
Scaffold protein
Receptor protein

94
Q

____ is called bilayer because it has two layers of phospholipids which have a phosphate groups similar to ___ group molecules

A

Phospholipids bilayer
Carboxylate

95
Q

This genetic information in nucleoid is a ____ which are huge DNA molecules

A

Chromosomes

96
Q

____ and ___ are so tiny, they are incredibly numerous. They are literally everywhere, including inside your body

A

Bateria and archaea

97
Q

Regulated condition or ___

A

Homeostasis

98
Q

Within a fluid called ___ floats the Dna, ribosomes and various enzymes

A

Stroma

99
Q

Atp stands for ___

A

Adenosine triphosphate

100
Q

During ___ and ____, molecules read these genes and deliver in the instructions to ribosomes

A

Transcription and translation

101
Q

___ in the smooth ER can detoxify drugs and poison by adding ___

A

Enzymes
Hydroxyl groups

102
Q

Made up glycoproteins

A

Oligosaccharides

103
Q

Sodium potassium exchange pump

A

Step 1. Use atp
Step 2. Move ions out of the cell
Step 3. Potassium ions into the cell against concentration gradient

104
Q

Small non polar molecules ___ and ___ can pass right through the membrane

A

02 and C02

105
Q

Hydrophillic 2

A

Phosphate group
Glycesol

106
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce ___

A

Binary fission

107
Q

___ found within vacuoles of plant cells, serve as vital storage compartment (store inorganic ions)

A

Cell sap

108
Q

___ protein assist in moving sodium, potassium and large molecules such as glucose

A

Carrier protein

109
Q

___ produce ATP through the process of cellular respiration - specifically ___ which requires oxygen

A

Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration

110
Q

DIFFERENCE:
___ are organelles found in plant cells and some algae. They play the crucial role in photosynthesis while chlorophyll are embedded directly in the ___ membrane

A

Chloroplast
Thylakoids

111
Q

___ the process of transferring substance into out, of and between cells using energy

A

Active transport

112
Q

The ___ has outer membrane and inner membrane that has cristae folds

A

Mitochondrion

FINALS (15 decks)

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