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Spring 2013 > Biol 445 exam 2 > Flashcards

Biol 445 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cohesin

A

Holds sister chromatids together

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2
Q

MCM helicase

A

Melts DNA strands

Commitment step of DNA replication

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3
Q

Centrosomes

A

Organize microtubules that pull chromatids apart

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4
Q

Kinetochores

A

Where microtubules attach on the chromatids

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5
Q

Centromeres

A

The center of the kinetochores

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6
Q

Critical cell-cycle transitions

A

G1 -> S

G2 -> M

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7
Q

Scientist with budding yeast

A

Lee Hartwell

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8
Q

Scientist with fission yeast

A

Paul Nurse

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9
Q

Scientist with sea urchins

A

Tim Hunt

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10
Q

Budding yeast CDK

A

Cdc28

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11
Q

Fission yeast CDK

A

Cdc2

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12
Q

Human Cdc28/Cdc2 homolog

A

CDK1

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13
Q

Sea urchin discovery

A

Cyclins

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14
Q

MPF

A

Maturation promoting factor
Required to complete meiosis (signaled by progesterone)
Complex of CDK1 and cyclin B

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15
Q

Pathways of CDK regulation (3)

A
  • Cyclin synthesis and destruction
  • Phosphorylation of kinases
  • CKIs
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16
Q

Ubiquitylation

A

Method of cyclin destruction

The creation of a chain of ubiquitins through isopeptide bonds

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17
Q

E3 ubiquitin ligase

A

Determines which kinases get ubiquitylated

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18
Q

Anaphase promoting complex (APC)

A

Mediates the destruction of mitotic cyclins
Destroys securin to activate separase, which cleaves cohesins
Activated by CDKs, regulated in a negative feedback loop

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19
Q

Elongated fission yeast mutants (Cdc25 and Wee1 levels)

A

Elevated Wee1

Decreased Cdc25

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20
Q

Small cell fission yeast mutants (Cdc25 and Wee1 levels)

A

Elevated Cdc25

Decreased Wee1

21
Q

Cdc25

A

Phosphatase

Turns Cdc2 on after Wee1 turns it off

22
Q

Wee1

A

Kinase

Turns Cdc2 off

23
Q

Cell cycle transition controlled by Wee1 and Cdc25

A

G2 -> M

24
Q 
CKI families (2)
Cell cycle transition they regulate
A

p21
p16
G1 -> S transition

25
Q

p21 binding target and action

A

CDKs + their cyclins
found in normal cells
arrest cells in response to DNA damage

26
Q

p16 binding target and action

A

CDKs alone
found in cancer cells
involved in developmental control
a tumor suppressor gene

27
Q

Requirements for proliferation

A

Growth and cell division

28
Q

Cdc proliferation target

A

Cell division, not growth

29
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Cells have a fixed number of divisions until they die
Correlated with telomere length
Cancer cells escape it

30
Q

Growth factor point of action

A

G1 phase before R Point

31
Q

Growth factor method of action

A

Induce gene expression

32
Q

Cyclin D is activated by

A

Growth factors, among other things

33
Q

Cyclin D function

A

Makes a complex with CDK4/CDK6

Brings the cell to S phase

34
Q

General checkpoint pathway

A

DNA damage/replication stress -> Signals -> Sensors -> Transducers -> Effectors

35
Q

ATM and ATR function

A

Sensors

Phosphorylate Cdc25, allowing 14-3-3 bind and escorting out of the cell

36
Q

14-3-3

A

Bind to phosphorylated Cdc25, bringing it out of the cell

37
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint flow

A

Unattached kinetochores cause the formation of the MCC complex
MCC inhibits APC/C activation
APC/C is required to get rid of securin, and allow separase to break down cohesin

38
Q

Tumor repressor phenotype: dominant or recessive

A

Recessive

39
Q

Forms of retinablastoma

A

Sporadic

Familial

40
Q

Knudson’s 2-hit hypothesis

A

Familial retinablastomas required the acquisition of another mutation
Sporadic retinablastomas require the acquisition of 2 mutations

41
Q

Retinablastoma recessive vs. dominant at cellular and inherited levels

A

Inherited as dominant

Recessive at the cellular level

42
Q

Methods of losing heterozygosity

A

Mitotic nondisjunction/missegregation

Mitotic recombination

43
Q

Mitotic nondisjunction/missegregation

A

Mitotic error causes the granddaughter to have 2 copies of the mutant allele

44
Q

Mitotic reombination

A

During a crossing over event the mutant allele gets stuck on the wild type chromosome

45
Q

pRb binding partner

A

E2F

46
Q

pRb active vs inactive states

A

Inactive state: Hyperphosphorylated

Active state: Unphosphorylated or hypophosphorylated

47
Q

pRb/E2F complex action

A

Transcriptional repressor

Recruits histone deacetylase

48
Q

Action of E2F alone

A

Transcriptional activator

Recruits histone acetylase

49
Q

pRb only binds to E2F when…

A

Hypophosphorylated or unphosphorylated

Spring 2013 (31 decks)

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