Biol 441 Final Flashcards
Changes that occur when tadpoles metamorphose into frogs (8)
Tail is lost Extra set of legs develop Eyes develop new pigments and nerves, and move to the front of the head Intestines shorten Gills are lost Lungs develop Nitrogen waste products are changed Skeleton is changed
Examples of metamorphosis (6)
Tadpole → Frog Caterpillar → Butterfly Pluteus → Sea urchin Sea squirt tadpole → sea squirt adult Bilateral starfish larvae → Radial starfish adult Fly larvae → Fly adult
Thyroxine
Stimulates amphibian metamorphosis
Metabolic hormone in higher vertbrates
Ecdysone
Major insect molting hormone
Promotes metamorphosis in insects
Juvenile hormone (JH)
Prevents insect metamorphosis
Epidermis origin
Ectoderm (surface)
Peripheral nervous system origin
Neural crest (ectoderm)
Brain origin
Neural tube (ectoderm)
Kidney origin
Intermediate mesoderm
Cartilage origin
Paraxial mesoderm
Heart origin
Lateral plate mesoderm
Stomach origin
Endoderm
Dermis origin
Paraxial mesoderm
Hair origin
Ectoderm (surface)
Melanocyte origin
Neural crest (ectoderm)
Skeletal muscle origin
Paraxial mesoderm
Liver origin
Endoderm
Bladder origin
Endoderm
Subdivisions of mesoderm (4)
Intermediate
Paraxial
Lateral plate
Notochord
Subdivisions of ectoderm (3)
Surface
Neural crest
Neural tube
Cancer abnormalities (10)
Glucose uptake is much higher than normal in most cancer cells
MRI images of cancer look abnormal
Acto-myosin cytoskeleton contractions of cancer cells are disorganized and weaker
Cancer cells can crawl onto less adhesive substrates from more adhesive substrates (can oppose haptotaxis)
Defective cell-cycle checkpoint controls
Excessive inhibition of apoptosis
Lack of anchorage dependence
Increase secretion of proteolytic enzymes
Loss of differentiated characteristics
Gain of abnormal combination of gene transcription
