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1st year (1st Semester) > BIOL 220 Third Quiz > Flashcards

BIOL 220 Third Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Cell (definition)

A

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

How many different human cells are there?

A

Over 250 different types of human cells

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3
Q

Extracellular matrix (definition)

A

Extracellular matrix: substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

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4
Q

% of lipid bilayer

A

Lipid bilayer is made up of:
- 75% phospholipids, which consist of two parts:
- 5% glycolipids
- 20% cholesterol

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5
Q

Integral proteins (Definition)

A

Integral proteins: spans the width of the membrane
- firmly in membrane
- Function as transport proteins (channels or carriers), enzymes or receptors

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins (Definition)

A

Peripheral proteins: does not span the length of the membrane
- Loosely attached to integral proteins
- Function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape changing during cell division and muscle contraction
- cell to cell connections

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7
Q

Membrane proteins tasks (all 6)

A
  • Transport
  • Receptors for signal transduction
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Cell to cell recognition
  • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Cell to cell joining (CAMs)
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8
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface
(Every cell type has different patterns of this “sugar coating”)

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9
Q

Three ways cells can be bound to each other?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
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10
Q

Desmosomes (What do they do?)

A

Desmosomes allow “give” between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension

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11
Q

Tight junctions (What do they do?)

A

Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving in between cells

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12
Q

Gap junctions (What do they do?)

A
  • Used to spread ions, simple sugars, or other small molecules between cells
  • Allows electrical signals to be passed quickly from one cell to next cell
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13
Q

3 factors of speed of diffusion

A
  • Concentration
  • Molecular Size
  • Temperature
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14
Q

What molecules can passively diffuse through the membrane?

A
  • Lipid-soluble and nonpolar substances
  • Very small molecules that can pass through membrane or membrane channels
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15
Q

Saturated (Definition in the context of carrier proteins)

A

Carriers are saturated when all are bound to molecules and are busy transporting

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16
Q

Osmolarity (Definition)

A

Osmolarity: measure the concentration of the total number of solute particles in solvent

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17
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (Definition)

A

Hydrostatic pressure: outward pressure exerted on cell side of membrane caused by increases in volume of cell due to osmosis

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18
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure: inward pressure due to tendency of water to be “pulled” into a cell with higher osmolarities

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19
Q

Tonicity (Definition)

A

Ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

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20
Q

Secondary active transport (Definition)

A

Secondary active transport
Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

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21
Q

What Ion is more present on the outside of a sodium potassium pump?

A

Sodium

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22
Q

3 different types of endocytosis (What are they?)

A

3 different types of endocytosis:
- Phagocytosis (eating)
- Pinocytosis (fluid)
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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23
Q

Transcytosis (Definition)

A

Transcytosis: transport into, across, and then out of cell

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24
Q

Vesicular trafficking (Definition)

A

Vesicular trafficking: transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

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25
Phagocytosis (definition)
- Type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell eating” - Formed vesicle is called a phagosome - Phagocytic cells move by amoeboid motion where cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions that allow cell to creep
26
Pinocytosis (Definition)
- Pinocytosis: type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell drinking” or fluid-phase endocytosis
27
What ion does not affect RMP?
Cl– does not influence RMP because its concentration and electrical gradients are exactly balanced
28
Sodium-Potassium pump (what goes in and comes out?)
3Na+ out for every 2K+ in
29
Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)?
Functions: - Anchor cell to extracellular matrix or each other - Assist in movement of cells past one another - Attract WBCs to injured or infected areas - Stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions (example: tight junctions) - Transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization
30
Contact signaling (Definition)
Contact signaling: cells that touch recognize each other by each cell’s unique surface membrane receptors
31
Chemical signaling (Definition)
Chemical signaling: interaction between receptors and ligands (chemical messengers) that cause changes in cellular activities
32
Cytosol (Definition)
Cytosol: gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc.
33
Inclusions (Definition)
Inclusions: insoluble molecules; vary with cell type (examples: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)
34
Organelles (Definition)
Organelles: metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous
35
5 Membranous organelles?
1. Mitochondria 2. Endoplasmic reticulum 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Peroxisomes 5. Lysosomes
36
3 Non membranous organelles?
- Ribosomes - Cytoskeleton - Centrioles
37
Mitochondria (2 important characteristics)
- Enclosed by double membranes; inner membrane has many folds, called cristae - Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
38
Ribosomes (Free ribosomes definition)
Free ribosomes: free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
39
Ribosomes (Membrane bound ribosomes)
Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from cell
40
Is the smooth ER and the rough ER attached to the nucleus?
THEY ARE BOTH ATTACHED TO THE NUCLEUS
41
Rough ER (What does it do?)
- Site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell - Site of synthesis of many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids
42
Smooth ER
Contains Enzymes for: - Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids for lipoproteins - Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats - Detoxification of certain chemicals (drugs, pesticides, etc.) - Converting of glycogen to free glucose - Storage and release of calcium
43
Golgi Apparatus' three jobs?
- Transport vesicles from ER fuse with cis (inner) face of Golgi - Proteins or lipids taken inside are further modified, tagged, sorted, and packaged - Golgi is “traffic director,” controlling which of three pathways final products will take as new transport vesicles pinch off trans (outer) face
44
Free radicals (What are they and how do peroxisomes deal with them?)
FREE RADICALS: toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by-products of cellular metabolism; can cause havoc to cell if not detoxified - Peroxisomes also play a role in breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
45
Lysosomes (What do they do?)
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
46
Endomembrane System (What organelles does it consist of?)
ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes
47
Endomembrane system (What does it do for the cell?)
These membranes and organelles work together to: - Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules - Degrade potentially harmful substances
48
Cytoskeleton (3 types)
Three types: - Microfilaments (SMALLEST) - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules (LARGEST)
49
Cytoskeleton (Motor proteins: function)
Motor proteins: complexes that function in motility - Can help in movement of organelles and other substances around cell - Use microtubules as tracks to move their cargo on - Powered by ATP
50
Centrosome (What is it?)
It is a microtubule organizing center, consisting of a granular matrix and centrioles—a pair of barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that lie at right angles to each other
51
What forms the basis of cilia and flagella?
Centrioles form the basis of cilia and flagella
52
Cilia and flagella have what pattern of microtubules?
Cilia and flagella have “9 + 2” pattern of microtubules (9 sets of double tubes surrounding a central pair of doublets).
53
What patterns to centrioles have?
9 + 0 pattern of centriole (9 triplets with no tubules in center)
54
What cells are multinucleate?
Skeletal muscle, certain bone cells, and some liver cells are multinucleate (many nuclei)
55
What cell is anucleate?
Red blood cells are anucleate (no nucleus)
56
Nucleoli (What is it?)
Nucleoli - Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus that are involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly - Usually one or two per cell
57
Chromatin (What does it consist of?)
Consists of 30% threadlike strands of DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA
58
Interphase (What happens in G1?)
G1 (gap 1): vigorous growth and metabolism - Cells that permanently cease dividing are said to be in G0 phase - G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is the most important of the three major checkpoints
59
Interphase (What happens in S phase?)
S (synthetic): DNA replication occurs
60
Interphase (What happens in G2?)
G2 (gap 2): preparation for division
61
Replication fork (What does it do?)
Replication fork: point where strands separate
62
Replication bubble (What does it do?)
Replication bubble: active area of replication
63
DNA polymerase (What does it do?)
DNA polymerase attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form new strand - DNA polymerase synthesizes both new strands at one time (one leading and one lagging strand)
64
DNA replication is referred to as what?
Semiconservative replication: because each new double-stranded DNA is composed of one old strand and one new strand
65
What three types of cells do not replicate?
Skeletal, cardiac, and nerve cells do not divide efficiently; damaged cells are replaced with scar tissue
66
What happens to remaining nonkinetochore microtubules in late prophase?
Remaining nonkinetochore microtubules push against each other, causing poles of cell to move farther apart
67
What phase in mitosis is the shortest?
Anaphase
68
When does telophase start?
Begins when chromosome movement stops
69
What does Mitosis create?
Creates two genetically identical cells
70
Cyclins (What are they?)
Cyclins: regulatory proteins that accumulate during interphase
71
CDK's (What are they?)
CDKs (Cyclin-dependent kinases) that activate cyclins when they bind to them
72
Genes (What are they?)
A segment of DNA that holds the code for one polypeptide is referred to as a gene
73
Exons (What are they?)
Exons are part of gene that actually codes for amino acids (WE ARE INTERESTED IN THESE)
74
Introns (What are they?)
Introns are noncoding segments interspersed amongst exons (WE ARE NOT INTERESTED IN THESE)
75
Is RNA produced exclusively in the nucleus?
All RNA is formed in nucleus
76
What kind of Sugar backbone does RNA have?
RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar
77
What is the anticodon for mRNA?
tRNA
78
Protein synthesis (Transcription)
Transcription - DNA information coded in mRNA
79
Protein synthesis (Translation)
Translation - mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides
80
Transcription (3 Phases)
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
81
What are introns removed by in mRNA processing?
Introns are removed by special proteins called spliceosomes
82
How many different codons can there be?
There are 64 possible codons
83
How many possible amino acids are there?
20
84
How many stop codons are there?
3
85
Translation (Sequence of events)
1. initiation 2. elongation - Codon recognition - Peptide bond formation - Translocation 3. termination
86
What is the initiator amino acid?
Methionine
87
Signal-recognition particle (SRP) what does it do?
Signal-recognition particle (SRP) on ER directs mRNA–ribosome complex where to dock
88
Apoptosis (What is it?)
APOPTOSIS: Also known as programmed cell death, causes certain cells (examples: cancer cells, infected cells, old cells) to neatly self-destruct
89
Hyperplasia (What is it?)
Hyperplasia is accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed
90
Atrophy (What is it?)
ATROPHY is a decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use
91
Telomeres (What are they and how do they help explain aging?)
TELOMERES are strings of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes (like caps on shoestrings) - Every time a cell divides, the telomere shortens, so telomeres may act like an hour-glass on how many times a cell can divide

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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