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1st year (1st Semester) > BIOL 220 Third Quiz > Flashcards

BIOL 220 Third Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Cell (definition)

A

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

How many different human cells are there?

A

Over 250 different types of human cells

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3
Q

Extracellular matrix (definition)

A

Extracellular matrix: substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

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4
Q

% of lipid bilayer

A

Lipid bilayer is made up of:
- 75% phospholipids, which consist of two parts:
- 5% glycolipids
- 20% cholesterol

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5
Q

Integral proteins (Definition)

A

Integral proteins: spans the width of the membrane
- firmly in membrane
- Function as transport proteins (channels or carriers), enzymes or receptors

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins (Definition)

A

Peripheral proteins: does not span the length of the membrane
- Loosely attached to integral proteins
- Function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape changing during cell division and muscle contraction
- cell to cell connections

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7
Q

Membrane proteins tasks (all 6)

A
  • Transport
  • Receptors for signal transduction
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Cell to cell recognition
  • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Cell to cell joining (CAMs)
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8
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface
(Every cell type has different patterns of this “sugar coating”)

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9
Q

Three ways cells can be bound to each other?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
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10
Q

Desmosomes (What do they do?)

A

Desmosomes allow “give” between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension

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11
Q

Tight junctions (What do they do?)

A

Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving in between cells

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12
Q

Gap junctions (What do they do?)

A
  • Used to spread ions, simple sugars, or other small molecules between cells
  • Allows electrical signals to be passed quickly from one cell to next cell
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13
Q

3 factors of speed of diffusion

A
  • Concentration
  • Molecular Size
  • Temperature
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14
Q

What molecules can passively diffuse through the membrane?

A
  • Lipid-soluble and nonpolar substances
  • Very small molecules that can pass through membrane or membrane channels
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15
Q

Saturated (Definition in the context of carrier proteins)

A

Carriers are saturated when all are bound to molecules and are busy transporting

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16
Q

Osmolarity (Definition)

A

Osmolarity: measure the concentration of the total number of solute particles in solvent

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17
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (Definition)

A

Hydrostatic pressure: outward pressure exerted on cell side of membrane caused by increases in volume of cell due to osmosis

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18
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure: inward pressure due to tendency of water to be “pulled” into a cell with higher osmolarities

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19
Q

Tonicity (Definition)

A

Ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

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20
Q

Secondary active transport (Definition)

A

Secondary active transport
Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

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21
Q

What Ion is more present on the outside of a sodium potassium pump?

A

Sodium

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22
Q

3 different types of endocytosis (What are they?)

A

3 different types of endocytosis:
- Phagocytosis (eating)
- Pinocytosis (fluid)
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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23
Q

Transcytosis (Definition)

A

Transcytosis: transport into, across, and then out of cell

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24
Q

Vesicular trafficking (Definition)

A

Vesicular trafficking: transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

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25
Q

Phagocytosis (definition)

A
  • Type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell eating”
  • Formed vesicle is called a phagosome
  • Phagocytic cells move by amoeboid motion where cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions that allow cell to creep
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26
Q

Pinocytosis (Definition)

A
  • Pinocytosis: type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell drinking” or fluid-phase endocytosis
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27
Q

What ion does not affect RMP?

A

Cl– does not influence RMP because its concentration and electrical gradients are exactly balanced

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28
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump (what goes in and comes out?)

A

3Na+ out for every 2K+ in

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29
Q

Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)?

A

Functions:
- Anchor cell to extracellular matrix or each other
- Assist in movement of cells past one another
- Attract WBCs to injured or infected areas
- Stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions (example: tight junctions)
- Transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization

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30
Q

Contact signaling (Definition)

A

Contact signaling: cells that touch recognize each other by each cell’s unique surface membrane receptors

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31
Q

Chemical signaling (Definition)

A

Chemical signaling: interaction between receptors and ligands (chemical messengers) that cause changes in cellular activities

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32
Q

Cytosol (Definition)

A

Cytosol: gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc.

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33
Q

Inclusions (Definition)

A

Inclusions: insoluble molecules; vary with cell type (examples: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)

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34
Q

Organelles (Definition)

A

Organelles: metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous

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35
Q

5 Membranous organelles?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Peroxisomes
  5. Lysosomes
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36
Q

3 Non membranous organelles?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
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37
Q

Mitochondria (2 important characteristics)

A
  • Enclosed by double membranes; inner membrane has many folds, called cristae
  • Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
38
Q

Ribosomes (Free ribosomes definition)

A

Free ribosomes: free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles

39
Q

Ribosomes (Membrane bound ribosomes)

A

Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from cell

40
Q

Is the smooth ER and the rough ER attached to the nucleus?

A

THEY ARE BOTH ATTACHED TO THE NUCLEUS

41
Q

Rough ER (What does it do?)

A
  • Site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell
  • Site of synthesis of many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids
42
Q

Smooth ER

A

Contains Enzymes for:
- Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids for lipoproteins
- Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
- Detoxification of certain chemicals (drugs, pesticides, etc.)
- Converting of glycogen to free glucose
- Storage and release of calcium

43
Q

Golgi Apparatus’ three jobs?

A
  • Transport vesicles from ER fuse with cis (inner) face of Golgi
  • Proteins or lipids taken inside are further modified, tagged, sorted, and packaged
  • Golgi is “traffic director,” controlling which of three pathways final products will take as new transport vesicles pinch off trans (outer) face
44
Q

Free radicals (What are they and how do peroxisomes deal with them?)

A

FREE RADICALS: toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by-products of cellular metabolism; can cause havoc to cell if not detoxified
- Peroxisomes also play a role in breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids

45
Q

Lysosomes (What do they do?)

A

Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)

46
Q

Endomembrane System (What organelles does it consist of?)

A

ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes

47
Q

Endomembrane system (What does it do for the cell?)

A

These membranes and organelles work together to:
- Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
- Degrade potentially harmful substances

48
Q

Cytoskeleton (3 types)

A

Three types:
- Microfilaments (SMALLEST)
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules (LARGEST)

49
Q

Cytoskeleton (Motor proteins: function)

A

Motor proteins: complexes that function in motility
- Can help in movement of organelles and other substances around cell
- Use microtubules as tracks to move their cargo on
- Powered by ATP

50
Q

Centrosome (What is it?)

A

It is a microtubule organizing center, consisting of a granular matrix and centrioles—a pair of barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that lie at right angles to each other

51
Q

What forms the basis of cilia and flagella?

A

Centrioles form the basis of cilia and flagella

52
Q

Cilia and flagella have what pattern of microtubules?

A

Cilia and flagella have “9 + 2” pattern of microtubules (9 sets of double tubes surrounding a central pair of doublets).

53
Q

What patterns to centrioles have?

A

9 + 0 pattern of centriole (9 triplets with no tubules in center)

54
Q

What cells are multinucleate?

A

Skeletal muscle, certain bone cells, and some liver cells are multinucleate (many nuclei)

55
Q

What cell is anucleate?

A

Red blood cells are anucleate (no nucleus)

56
Q

Nucleoli (What is it?)

A

Nucleoli - Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus that are involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
- Usually one or two per cell

57
Q

Chromatin (What does it consist of?)

A

Consists of 30% threadlike strands of DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA

58
Q

Interphase (What happens in G1?)

A

G1 (gap 1): vigorous growth and metabolism
- Cells that permanently cease dividing are said to be in G0 phase
- G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is the most important of the three major checkpoints

59
Q

Interphase (What happens in S phase?)

A

S (synthetic): DNA replication occurs

60
Q

Interphase (What happens in G2?)

A

G2 (gap 2): preparation for division

61
Q

Replication fork (What does it do?)

A

Replication fork: point where strands separate

62
Q

Replication bubble (What does it do?)

A

Replication bubble: active area of replication

63
Q

DNA polymerase (What does it do?)

A

DNA polymerase attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form new strand
- DNA polymerase synthesizes both new strands at one time (one leading and one lagging strand)

64
Q

DNA replication is referred to as what?

A

Semiconservative replication: because each new double-stranded DNA is composed of one old strand and one new strand

65
Q

What three types of cells do not replicate?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and nerve cells do not divide efficiently; damaged cells are replaced with scar tissue

66
Q

What happens to remaining nonkinetochore microtubules in late prophase?

A

Remaining nonkinetochore microtubules push against each other, causing poles of cell to move farther apart

67
Q

What phase in mitosis is the shortest?

A

Anaphase

68
Q

When does telophase start?

A

Begins when chromosome movement stops

69
Q

What does Mitosis create?

A

Creates two genetically identical cells

70
Q

Cyclins (What are they?)

A

Cyclins: regulatory proteins that accumulate during interphase

71
Q

CDK’s (What are they?)

A

CDKs (Cyclin-dependent kinases) that activate cyclins when they bind to them

72
Q

Genes (What are they?)

A

A segment of DNA that holds the code for one polypeptide is referred to as a gene

73
Q

Exons (What are they?)

A

Exons are part of gene that actually codes for amino acids (WE ARE INTERESTED IN THESE)

74
Q

Introns (What are they?)

A

Introns are noncoding segments interspersed amongst exons (WE ARE NOT INTERESTED IN THESE)

75
Q

Is RNA produced exclusively in the nucleus?

A

All RNA is formed in nucleus

76
Q

What kind of Sugar backbone does RNA have?

A

RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar

77
Q

What is the anticodon for mRNA?

A

tRNA

78
Q

Protein synthesis (Transcription)

A

Transcription
- DNA information coded in mRNA

79
Q

Protein synthesis (Translation)

A

Translation
- mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides

80
Q

Transcription (3 Phases)

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
81
Q

What are introns removed by in mRNA processing?

A

Introns are removed by special proteins called spliceosomes

82
Q

How many different codons can there be?

A

There are 64 possible codons

83
Q

How many possible amino acids are there?

A

20

84
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

85
Q

Translation (Sequence of events)

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
    • Codon recognition
    • Peptide bond formation
    • Translocation
  3. termination
86
Q

What is the initiator amino acid?

A

Methionine

87
Q

Signal-recognition particle (SRP) what does it do?

A

Signal-recognition particle (SRP) on ER directs mRNA–ribosome complex where to dock

88
Q

Apoptosis (What is it?)

A

APOPTOSIS: Also known as programmed cell death, causes certain cells (examples: cancer cells, infected cells, old cells) to neatly self-destruct

89
Q

Hyperplasia (What is it?)

A

Hyperplasia is accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed

90
Q

Atrophy (What is it?)

A

ATROPHY is a decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use

91
Q

Telomeres (What are they and how do they help explain aging?)

A

TELOMERES are strings of nucleotides that protect ends of chromosomes (like caps on shoestrings)
- Every time a cell divides, the telomere shortens, so telomeres may act like an hour-glass on how many times a cell can divide

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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