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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Biol 202 Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth media

A

liquid or solid components used to grow microorganisms.

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2
Q

Culture

A

A batch of microorganisms grown for the purpose of future testing

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3
Q

Fire sterilization

A

The use of heat to sterilize a tool used in the lab that comes into contact with microorganisms

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4
Q

Culture purity

A

The presence of only one microorganism within a culture

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5
Q

Inoculation

A

The transfer of microorganisms using aseptic technique

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6
Q

Mixed culture

A

The presence of two or more microorganisms within a culture

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7
Q

TSB and TSA (What do they stand for?)

A

TSA: tryptic soy ager
TSB: tryptic soy broth
(the only difference is ager which solidifies the broth)

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8
Q

Continuous streak

A

A method of spreading microbes that involves “S” shapes along the entire plate that do not overlap

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9
Q

Colony

A

A grouping of microorganisms on a plate originating from one single cell large enough to be seen by the naked eye

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10
Q

Culture form (4 different types)

A

Circular
Irregular
Filamentous
Rhizoid

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11
Q

Culture elevations (5 Different types)

A

Raised
Convex
Flat
Umbonate
Crateriform

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12
Q

Culture margins (5 different types)

A

Entire
Undulate
Filiform
Curled
Lobate

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13
Q

Quadrant Streak plating

A

Useful when trying to create and isolate down to one viable colony. (zig zag then drag once into next, zig zag then drag into next.)

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14
Q

Lawn

A

Multiple bacterial colonies overlapping

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15
Q

Culture titer

A

The exact amount of cells in a serial dilution

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16
Q

Serial dilution

A

A dilution that takes place over a series of dilutions

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17
Q

Aliquot

A

A set volume of solution after dilution

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18
Q

Titer Equation

A

Titer = DF x N x P

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19
Q

What is one micro liter equal to?

A

100uL = 0.1mL

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20
Q

Simple staining technique

A

Simple staining technique: technique used to identify bacteria that would otherwise be naturally clear

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21
Q

What magnification is necessary to view bacteria on a microscope?

A

Highest microscope magnification: 100x (in immersion oil)

22
Q

Differential stain

A

A stain that distinguishes two different types of bacteria (typically gram + and -)

23
Q

Gram stain (step 1 and 2)

A
  1. Fixation - heating the sample bacteria slide
  2. Primary stain - is crystal violet, that’s positively charged that interact with negatively charged ions in the cell. The cell begins to appear purple
24
Q

Gram stain (Step 3-4)

A
  1. Iodine treatment (mordant) - treat the cells with iodine. This iodine reacts with crystal violet within the cell wall and becomes trapped, so the color does not disappear.
  2. Decolorizer - most important step. Insert ethanol and if done properly, G- cells will lose their purple color first because of thin cell walls. G+ cells do not as their walls are thicker and this allows us to distinguish them.
25
Q

Gram stain (step 5)

A
  1. Counter stain - done with safranin (positively charged dye) this stains the G- cells and leaves the G+ cells purple
26
Q

Gram + (Characteristics)

A

G+
- Thick cell wall
- Many layers of peptidoglycan
- No outer membrane
- Turns pink

27
Q

Gram - (Characteristics)

A

G-
- Thin cell wall
- Few peptidoglycan layers
- LPS layer
- Turns pink

28
Q

What must a media provide (6 elements)

A

A media must provide
- Carbon
- Energy
- Electrons
- Nitrogen
- Trace minerals
- Growth factors

29
Q

Robust organisms (What do they require?)

A

Robust organisms
- Very minimal growth requirements

30
Q

Fastidious organisms (What do they require?)

A

Fastidious organisms:
- Require many growth factors in organic compounds for growth but cant be synthesized

31
Q

Autotrophs & Heterotrophs (What do they require?)

A

Autotrophs
- Able to make their own organic compounds for growth
Heterotrophs
- Organisms that cant synthesize an organic compound needed for their growth

32
Q

Defined vs complex media (What are they?)

A

Defined vs complex media
- Defined: we know what is on the media plate
- Complex: we dont know what’s on the plate

33
Q

Selective vs differential media (What are they?)

A

Selective vs differential media
- Selective: used to grow one specific type of organism no others
- Differential: does not inhibit growth of anything but instead allows you to contrast their interactions with media components

34
Q

EMB Agar (What is it used for?)

A

EMB agar: used for the isolation of fecal colonies
- Fecal colonies: organisms used as indicators of contamination and will produce fermenting sugar lactose and acid gas
- Can inhibit G+
- Fecal coliforms are different from coliforms based on the intense colour change due to fermentation

35
Q

EMB agar (what Colors can it turn?)

A
  • Dark purple with metallic green shine means there are coliforms present
  • No change means there are none present
36
Q

MacConkey’s agar (What is it used for?)

A

MacConkey’s agar
- Used to distinguish non lactose fermenters from lactose fermenters

37
Q

MacConkey’s agar (What colors can it turn?)

A
  • Red on the plate means lactose fermenting
  • No color means non lactose fermenting
38
Q

Blood ager (What can it tell us?)

A

Blood agar
- Capable of distinguishing between organisms that can and cant lyse red blood cells
- Hemolysis: can lyse red blood cells
○ Alpha: partial or incomplete lysing
○ Beta: complete lysing of RBC
○ Gamma: no lysing activity

39
Q

What are the three hemolysis patterns

A

Alpha: partial or incomplete lysing
Beta: complete lysing of RBC
Gamma: no lysing activity

40
Q

MSA (What is it used for?)

A

MSA
- Contain sodium chloride
- Used for identifying staphylococcus aureus
○ Because it can grow at high salt
○ Because it can secrete acid that changes the phenol red to pink to yellow

41
Q

MSA (What colour does it turn?)

A

Changes the phenol red to pink to yellow.

42
Q

Antiseptics

A

Antiseptics: used on living tissue

43
Q

Disinfectants

A

Disinfectants: used on non living surfaces (more toxic)

44
Q

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics: anti-microbial agent that can be topical or ingested by patient

45
Q

How can disinfectants inhibit bacteria?

A
  • The way each of these affect material growth differs from
    ○ Cell membrane breakdown
    ○ Stopping protein synthesis
    ○ Damaging nucleic acids
    ○ Altering growth cycles
46
Q

Zone of inhibition (What is it and its two types?)

A
  • Zone of inhibition: larger the zone of inhibition the greater the effectiveness of the compound
    ○ Bactericidal: kill organisms
    ○ Bacteriostatic: they inhibit growth
47
Q

Is a larger inhibition zone better?

A

Yes it means there is more stoppage of bacterial formation

48
Q

Do you sterilize the inoculation loop in between quadrant streak quadrants?

A

Yes or you will end up with a continuous streak

49
Q

Fecal coliform (What is it)

A

It is a gram negative colony of bacteria that can ferment lactose (and cause a reaction with the right media)

50
Q

Can a media be simple and differential at the same time?

A

Yes, if the media can select to only grow one type of organism yet display the difference between two bacteria it is technically both.

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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