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1st year (1st Semester) > BIOL 202 4th exam > Flashcards

BIOL 202 4th exam Flashcards

1
Q

Trypanosomes (What are they?)

A
  • Trypanosomes are vector-borne parasites - (they must have a vector)
    ○ Vector: any living organism that can pass a disease from one organism to another
    § (this means we cant simply get them from the environment)
    They also have a kinetoplast that houses their DNA (in the pathogen
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2
Q

Sleeping sickness (what causes it and what are its symptoms)

A

○ Sleeping sickness - vector = tsetse fly (only in southern Africa)
§ Joint pain
§ Confusion
§ Poor coordination
§ Trouble sleeping
§ Can cause death if untreated
§ DEADLY

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3
Q

Chagas’ disease (What causes it and what are its symptoms)

A

○ Chagas’ disease - vector = kissing bug (found in multiple continents)
§ Swollen lymph nodes
§ Headaches
§ Fever

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4
Q

Leishmaniasis (What causes it and what are its symptoms)

A

○ Leishmaniasis - vector = sand fly (mostly in south America)
§ Skin sores
§ Visceral leishmaniasis
□ Weight loss
□ Enlarged liver and spleen
§ Leads to death if untreated
§ DEADLY

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5
Q

Helminth (what are they?)

A

Parasitic worms are called helminths

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6
Q

Nematodes (Characteristics)

A

○ Nematodes (roundworms)
§ Cylindrical
§ Have a digestive tube that ends in an anus (has outlet)

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7
Q

Trematodes (Characteristics)

A

○ Trematodes (flukes)
§ Oval shaped
§ Have digestive tube that ends in a cecum (no outlet)
§ Hermaphroditic
§ Slow and flat

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8
Q

Cestodes (Characteristics)

A

○ Cestodes (tapeworms) are parasitic flatworms
§ Absorb nutrients through their skin

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9
Q

Nematodes (pinworm characteristics)

A
  • Pinworms
    ○ Small, white nematodes of the species enterovirus vermicularis
  • About the length of a staple
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10
Q

Nematodes (Hookworms Characteristics)

A
  • Hookworms - type of nematode
    ○ Travel through blood to lungs
    ○ Penetrate the alveoli in the lungs
    ○ Host coughs and parasite moves to the throat and gets ingested
    ○ When they get into the small intestine they latch onto the intestinal lining and suck blood
    ○ Offspring exit in the host feces
    ○ They are common in pets
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11
Q

Nematodes (Roundworms Characteristics)

A

○ Ascaris lumbricoides (THIS IS THE MOST COMMON PARASITE IN HUMANS)
§ Eggs ingested from soil by animals (humans usually come in contact from meat
§ Worms increase in size in the digestive tract
§ Has an anus
Worms may also invade the lungs or other organs, causing life threatening damage

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12
Q

Trematodes (Flatworms characteristics)

A
  • Trematodes (flukes)
    ○ Flatworms (platyhelminths)
    § Internalized mouth
    § Pharynx
    § Digestive tube, but the tube ends in one or more pouches called caeca
    § Dont have an anus
    ○ Usually have two suckers
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13
Q

Cestodes (Tapeworms Characteristics)

A
  • Cestodes: tapeworms
  • Transmitted as larvae in uncooked meat
  • Composed of a head and successive segments
  • Commonly grow 2-15 meters in length
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14
Q

Algae (Characteristics)

A
  • Algae are protists that conduct photosynthesis by using chloroplasts
    ○ Photolithoautotrophic
    ○ Primary producers
    ○ Prey species
    ○ Mixotrophic species act as primary producers and consumers
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15
Q

What are the two main lineages of Algae?

A
  • Two main lineages:
    ○ Green algae (Chlorophyta)
    ○ Red algae (Rhodophyta)
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16
Q

What is unique of brown algae?

A
  • Brown algae (like kelp)
    ○ Tend to be multicellular
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17
Q

Primary endosymbiosis (What is it?)

A
  • Primary endosymbiosis
    Prokaryote + eukaryote = eukaryote
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18
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis (What is it?)

A
  • Secondary endosymbiosis
    Eukaryote + eukaryote = eukaryote
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19
Q

Is red tide (Karenia brevis) toxic?

A

yes, it is, and it can harm species, but it does glow.

20
Q

Viruses (General characteristics)

A
  • Viruses are ubiquitous
    ○ Infect every taxonomic group of organisms
    ○ Noncellular particle with a genome contained by capsid
    § Noncellular - means they do not have the machinery to replicate their own genome, perform their own metabolic functions, etc.
    □ Thus they must have a host
    ○ Spike proteins - help plug membrane into the capsid and help virus attach to host cell
    ○ ENVELOPE IS NOT PRESENT IN ALL VIRUSES
21
Q

Virions (What are they?)

A

Virions - what we call virus particles

22
Q

Viral load (What is it?)

A
  • Viral load - number of virions that can be found in the body
    ○ Higher viral load = typically worse infection (but not always)
    § Example: higher viral load of COVID virions doesnt necessarily lead to worse symptoms
23
Q

When do PCOT tests exhibit positive results?

A
  • Point of care tests (PCOT) only exhibit positive results if the viral load is high enough
24
Q

Infectious dose (What is it?)

A
  • Infectious dose - the # of virions needed to cause infection
    ○ Varies with virus type
    § Example: Rhinovirus (common cold) requires 10 virions to cause disease; HIV (can lead to AIDS) requires only one virion to cause disease
25
Q

Transmission (What is it?)

A
  • Transmission: the process of a virus reaching a new host
    ○ Things such as masks, hygiene, space, environmental conditions, and vaccines can lower transmission rates
26
Q

Infection rate (What is it?)

A
  • Infection is the rate at which people actually get sick
27
Q

Host range (What is it?)

A

Host range: the group of species the virus can infect

28
Q

Antigenic drift (what is it?)

A
  • Antigenic Drift: rapid mutation in genetic material coding for antigens (external proteins)
29
Q

The Red Queen Hypothesis (What is it?)

A

It is a loop that goes like
- host is defended
- virus cant replicate
- virus mutates
- host doesn’t recognize new strain
- host immune system adapts

30
Q

Levels of virus evolution (Host community)

A

○ Within a host community
- Evolve to infect different species

31
Q

Levels of virus evolution (Species population)

A

○ Within a viral species population
- Strains of the same virus evolve that vary in infectivity and virulence

32
Q

Levels of virus evolution (Individual organism)

A

○ Within an individual organism
- Viruses evolve variants that resist therapeutic agents

33
Q

Steps of viral replication (1-3)

A

○ Steps of general viral replication:
1. Host attachment
2. Enter host
3. Uncoat

34
Q

Steps of viral replication (4-6

A
  1. Express viral proteins to hijack host machinery
  2. Use host machinery to assemble more of its viral genome
  3. Release and transmission
35
Q

Antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic. (What are each of the definitions?)

A

§ Antibiotic: against bacteria
§ Antiviral: against viruses
§ Antifungal: against fungus
§ Antiparasitic: against parasites

36
Q

Baltimore model (Group one)

A

dsDNA
- goes through basic DNA replication process

37
Q

Baltimore model (Group 2)

A

ssDNA
- Bad; makes itself double stranded then uses RNA polymerase to become mRNA

38
Q

Baltimore model (Group 3)

A

dsRNA
- Bad; negative strand duplicates into positive (mRNA) strand; positive strand turns straight into protein

39
Q

Baltimore model (Group 4)

A

ssRNA (+)
- Bad; can go straight to protein; also can create negative strand and from that a positive strand (which is mRNA)

40
Q

Baltimore model (Group 5)

A

ssRNA (-)
- Bad; goes to positive strand (mRNA) to protein; can also go back to negative strand

41
Q

Baltimore model (Group 6)

A

ssRNA (+)
Uses reverse transcriptase to create dsDNA; can also go back to positive single strand RNA (mRNA)

42
Q

Baltimore model (Group 7)

A

dsDNA
dsDNA turns into +ssRNA (mRNA) and into protein; uses reverse transcriptase to go back into dsDNA

43
Q

Bacteriophage (Characteristics)

A
  • Viruses that infect bacteria
    ○ Being studied for phage therapy!
    § Using phages to fight off pathogenic bacteria - essentially inject bacteriophage into patient to attack bacterial infection
44
Q

Bacteriophage (parts)

A
  • Structure
    ○ Head
    § Icosahedral protein package
    § Contains genetic material
    ○ Tail
    § Injects genetic material into host cells
45
Q

Lytic infection (Characteristics)

A
  • Lytic infection
    ○ Virulent phage
    ○ Lysis (rupture) of host cell
    § Virus infects
    § Cell lyses
    § Virus spreads
46
Q

Lysogeny (Characteristics)

A
  • Lysogeny
    ○ Phage genome integrates in host cell
    ○ Host cell replicates with vital components
    ○ The viral genome components trigger a lytic cycle over time
    § Virus infects
    § Integrates in host genome
    § Stays until stressful conditions
    § Triggers lytic infection
    § Virus spreads
47
Q
A

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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