BIOL 202 4th exam Flashcards
Trypanosomes (What are they?)
- Trypanosomes are vector-borne parasites - (they must have a vector)
○ Vector: any living organism that can pass a disease from one organism to another
§ (this means we cant simply get them from the environment)
They also have a kinetoplast that houses their DNA (in the pathogen
Sleeping sickness (what causes it and what are its symptoms)
○ Sleeping sickness - vector = tsetse fly (only in southern Africa)
§ Joint pain
§ Confusion
§ Poor coordination
§ Trouble sleeping
§ Can cause death if untreated
§ DEADLY
Chagas’ disease (What causes it and what are its symptoms)
○ Chagas’ disease - vector = kissing bug (found in multiple continents)
§ Swollen lymph nodes
§ Headaches
§ Fever
Leishmaniasis (What causes it and what are its symptoms)
○ Leishmaniasis - vector = sand fly (mostly in south America)
§ Skin sores
§ Visceral leishmaniasis
□ Weight loss
□ Enlarged liver and spleen
§ Leads to death if untreated
§ DEADLY
Helminth (what are they?)
Parasitic worms are called helminths
Nematodes (Characteristics)
○ Nematodes (roundworms)
§ Cylindrical
§ Have a digestive tube that ends in an anus (has outlet)
Trematodes (Characteristics)
○ Trematodes (flukes)
§ Oval shaped
§ Have digestive tube that ends in a cecum (no outlet)
§ Hermaphroditic
§ Slow and flat
Cestodes (Characteristics)
○ Cestodes (tapeworms) are parasitic flatworms
§ Absorb nutrients through their skin
Nematodes (pinworm characteristics)
- Pinworms
○ Small, white nematodes of the species enterovirus vermicularis - About the length of a staple
Nematodes (Hookworms Characteristics)
- Hookworms - type of nematode
○ Travel through blood to lungs
○ Penetrate the alveoli in the lungs
○ Host coughs and parasite moves to the throat and gets ingested
○ When they get into the small intestine they latch onto the intestinal lining and suck blood
○ Offspring exit in the host feces
○ They are common in pets
Nematodes (Roundworms Characteristics)
○ Ascaris lumbricoides (THIS IS THE MOST COMMON PARASITE IN HUMANS)
§ Eggs ingested from soil by animals (humans usually come in contact from meat
§ Worms increase in size in the digestive tract
§ Has an anus
Worms may also invade the lungs or other organs, causing life threatening damage
Trematodes (Flatworms characteristics)
- Trematodes (flukes)
○ Flatworms (platyhelminths)
§ Internalized mouth
§ Pharynx
§ Digestive tube, but the tube ends in one or more pouches called caeca
§ Dont have an anus
○ Usually have two suckers
Cestodes (Tapeworms Characteristics)
- Cestodes: tapeworms
- Transmitted as larvae in uncooked meat
- Composed of a head and successive segments
- Commonly grow 2-15 meters in length
Algae (Characteristics)
- Algae are protists that conduct photosynthesis by using chloroplasts
○ Photolithoautotrophic
○ Primary producers
○ Prey species
○ Mixotrophic species act as primary producers and consumers
What are the two main lineages of Algae?
- Two main lineages:
○ Green algae (Chlorophyta)
○ Red algae (Rhodophyta)
What is unique of brown algae?
- Brown algae (like kelp)
○ Tend to be multicellular
Primary endosymbiosis (What is it?)
- Primary endosymbiosis
Prokaryote + eukaryote = eukaryote
Secondary endosymbiosis (What is it?)
- Secondary endosymbiosis
Eukaryote + eukaryote = eukaryote
Is red tide (Karenia brevis) toxic?
yes, it is, and it can harm species, but it does glow.
Viruses (General characteristics)
- Viruses are ubiquitous
○ Infect every taxonomic group of organisms
○ Noncellular particle with a genome contained by capsid
§ Noncellular - means they do not have the machinery to replicate their own genome, perform their own metabolic functions, etc.
□ Thus they must have a host
○ Spike proteins - help plug membrane into the capsid and help virus attach to host cell
○ ENVELOPE IS NOT PRESENT IN ALL VIRUSES
Virions (What are they?)
Virions - what we call virus particles
Viral load (What is it?)
- Viral load - number of virions that can be found in the body
○ Higher viral load = typically worse infection (but not always)
§ Example: higher viral load of COVID virions doesnt necessarily lead to worse symptoms
When do PCOT tests exhibit positive results?
- Point of care tests (PCOT) only exhibit positive results if the viral load is high enough
Infectious dose (What is it?)
- Infectious dose - the # of virions needed to cause infection
○ Varies with virus type
§ Example: Rhinovirus (common cold) requires 10 virions to cause disease; HIV (can lead to AIDS) requires only one virion to cause disease
