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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biol 202 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Final population equation (What is it?)

A

N0 x 2^n
- N0: initial number of cells
- n : amount of generations

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2
Q

Bacterial phylogenies (what are they often based off of?)

A

They are often based on the 16s rRNA subunit gene - highly conserved

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3
Q

How can we tell which species is more closely related to one another?

A

(WHEN COUNTING WHICH ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED WE MUST)
1. count the number of turns it takes to get to each other
2. whichever are further are less closely related

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4
Q

How many phyla of bacteria is there?

A

There are 30 phyla of bacteria from which species can be cultured

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5
Q

Firmicutes (Characteristics)

A

○ Firmicutes (not many G,C in DNA sequence)
- Gram +
- “tough skin”
- Layers of peptidoglycan
- Low “G+C” (guanine and cytosine) content
- Often found in human intestines
- Creates a fatty acid (butyrate) that helps keep us healthy

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6
Q

Actinobacteria (Characteristics)

A

○ Actinobacteria (lots of G,C in DNA sequences)
- Gram +
- Peptidoglycan with an additional thick waxy coat
- High “G+C” content
- Important in the soil and aquatic ecosystems; some can be human pathogens

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7
Q

What two bacteria affect our gut physiology most?

A

The balance between FIRMICUTES and BACTEROIDETES affects our gut physiology.

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8
Q

What bacteria have endospores?

A

Some species of firmicutes form endospores

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9
Q

Tetanus and botulism are both caused by what phyla and what genus?

A
  • Firmicutes include the genus Clostridium, which are strict anaerobes
    ○ Club shaped
    ○ Clostridium species include the causative agents of
    § Tetanus (C. Tetani) = jaw muscles contract
    § Botulism (C. Botulinum) muscles are weak (cannot contract)
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10
Q

Lactic acid and listeria are both from what phyla?

A
  • Firmicutes also include Gram positive, non endospore forming bacilli
    ○ Heroes
    § Lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococcus and lactobacillus, ferment milk to make yogurt and cheese
    ○ Villains
    § Listeria spp. Are intracellular pathogens causing diseases affecting the GI tract and nervous system
    □ Often on undercooked or unpasteurized foods
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11
Q

How are species of enterococcus, streptococcus, and staphylococcus distinguished?

A
  • Species of enterococcus, streptococcus, and staphylococcus may be distinguished by patterns of hemolysis on blood ager plates
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12
Q

Actinobacteria (characteristics)

A
  • Actinobacteria (gram +)
    ○ Includes antibiotic producers, decomposers and pathogens
    ○ Cell wall includes unusual cell wall lipids, such as mycolic acid
    ○ Are acid-fast staining bacteria
    § Resist decolorization by acids -> make them easy to ID
    ○ They have a layer of mycolic acid (THIS IS UNIQUE TO ACTINOBACTERIA)
    § The acid stain binds to this
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13
Q

Actinobacteria (What two diseases is it known for?)

A
  • Actinobacteria (Gram +) (purple under the scope)
    ○ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)- infects lungs
    ○ Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) - damages peripheral nerves; affects limbs and ENT
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14
Q

Proteobacteria (characteristics?)

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Gram -
  • Super diverse! Lots of metabolic properties
    ○ Can be autotrophic
    ○ Can be heterotrophic
    ○ Most are chemolithoautotrophs
  • Is the largest phylum of bacteria
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15
Q

Proteobacteria (Enterobacteria - Characteristics)

A
  • Bacillus and gram -
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Motile
  • Many live in our guts
  • Commensals and pathogens
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16
Q

Proteobacteria (Enterobacteria - What two diseases is it known for?)

A
  • Famous example of Enterobacteriaceae (both gram - bacilli):
    ○ Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
    § Causes GI disease that can mimic appendicitis + is transmitted from animals to humans by contaminated food or water
    ○ Yersinia pestis
    § Causes the pneumonic/bubonic plague
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17
Q

Pseudomonads (Characteristics)

A
  • Bacillus shaped, G-
  • Motile
  • Many marine species - responsible for seafood spoilage
  • Some (opportunistic) human pathogens
    ○ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Most are saprophytic
    ○ Get food from absorbing dissolved organic material (osmotrophic - type of heterotrophy)
  • Many produce pigments
18
Q

Bacteroidetes (Characteristics)

A
  • Bacteroidetes
    ○ Bacteroides spp. Are major inhabitants of the human colon
    ○ G-, obligate anaerobes, ferment indigestible sugar derivatives, and break down toxins
    § PSA and T-cells
    ○ Produce communication molecules to communicate with and direct the immune system
    ○ We like these guys, they’re often in our yogurt
19
Q

Spirochaetes (Characteristics)

A
  • Spirochetes are spiral-shaped bacteria
  • They are gram - and chemolithoautotrophic
20
Q

Spirochaetes (Borrelia bergdorferi - what is it and its symptoms)

A

○ Borrelia bergdorferi (Lyme disease)
§ Currently uncurable (but symptoms can be treated);often lead to rheumatoid arthritis and other auto immune diseases
§ Causes lots of symptoms like
□ Muscle spasms
□ Headaches
□ Arthritis
□ Immunodeficiencies

21
Q

Spirochaetes (Treponema pallidum - what is it and its symptoms)

A

○ Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
§ Sexually transmitted bacterium
§ Contact with any of the chancres (spores) can transmit the bacterium

22
Q

Chlamydia’s (Characteristics)

A
  • Chlamydia’s
    ○ Absent or diminished cell walls
    ○ Chlamydia’s are obligate parasites or pathogens
    § This means that they cannot reproduce without a host
    ○ Persistent infection with C. trachoatis can lead to pelvic inflammatory
    ○ They are more common in females, but males can exhibit inflammation of the testes and discharge
23
Q

What is unique of Chlamydia’s?

A
  • They cannot reproduce without a host cell
  • They cannot be gram stained
24
Q

Is Chlamydia more common in females than males?

A

yes

25
Q

Cyanobacteria (Characteristics)

A
  • Gram -
  • Oxygenic autotrophs
  • Fix most of the carbon dioxide in aquatic ecosystems
    • Primary producers
    • Prey species
    • Nitrogen fixation
26
Q

Heterocyst’s (What are they?)

A

They are cells responsible for nitrogen fixation

27
Q

Lichen (What are they?)

A

They are a symbiosis between cyanobacteria and fungi.

28
Q

HAB (What is it?)

A

Harmful algal bloom

29
Q

EDAB (What is it?)

A

Ecosystem disrupting algal bloom

30
Q

Unicellular fungi (Characteristics - What can it cause)

A
  • Single celled fungi are known as yeasts
  • Found in nature and in humans
    ○ Form branch like proteins when stressed (what causes infection)
    ○ Can be easily confused with chlamydia
    ○ Can be annoyances when they get out of control -> yeast infections (oral, skin, vaginal)
31
Q

Filamentous fungi

A

Filamentous fungi
○ Have hyphae extend and form branches, producing a mycelium
○ Chitin in cell walls
○ Common in nature - important decomposers
§ Similar growth pattern on plate vs. Flesh
□ Kera = round, ball
□ Itis = inflammation

32
Q

Amoebas (Characteristics)

A
  • Two major groups
    ○ Lobed amoebas with large, bulky pseudopods
    ○ Filamentous amoebas with thin, needle like pseudopods
    ○ Consume host cells via endocytosis
  • Most live in aquatic (and sometimes soil) environments and are harmless
    ○ Important consumers in the microbial loop
33
Q

Amoebas that affect humans (What are they?)

A
  • Other diseases involving amoebas
    ○ Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
    § Naegleria fowleri - “brain eating amoeba”
    ○ Corneal infection (keratitis: inflammation of the cornea)
    § Acanthamoeba
34
Q

Amoebas (What is interstitial Amoebiasis)

A
  • Intestinal amoebiasis caused by
    ○ Entamoba hystolica
  • This bacterium enters the body through cysts and becomes trophozoites
35
Q

Ciliates (Characteristics)

A

Ciliates
- Ciliates are covered with cilia
○ Short, hairlike organelles composed of microtubules - help with movement

36
Q

Ciliates (Balantidium coli - What is it?)

A
  • Balantidium coli - the only ciliate known to infect humans
    ○ Associated with swine
37
Q

Apicomplexans (What is their one defining feature?)

A

Apicomplexans: (characterized by a non photosynthetic plastid that they use to attack host cell)

38
Q

Apicomplexans (Malaria - What is it and how does it transmit to its host?)

A
  • Malaria
    ○ Plasmodium spp.
    - Mosquito vector - transmits parasite to host - parasite infects red blood cells for reproduction and causes lysis
39
Q

Apicomplexans (Toxoplasmosis - What is it and how does it transmit to its host?)

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
    ○ Toxoplasma gondii - one of the worlds most common parasites
    § Often dormant in neutral and muscle tissue
    □ 80% of populations estimate to be infected
    ○ Food borne and congenital transmission
40
Q
A

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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