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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 5th Exam > Flashcards

Biol 202 5th Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenesis (What is it?)

A
  • Pathogenesis: the ability to cause disease
    ○ All pathogens have virulence factors
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2
Q

5 steps of pathogenesis (What are they?)

A

5 steps of pathogenesis
1. Entry
2. Attachment and colonization of tissue
3. Avoidance of host immune system
4. Host damage
5. Exit

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3
Q

Pili (What are they?)

A
  • Pili - “grappling hooks” - allows them to attach to tissues
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4
Q

Enzymes (What do they do in the context of Virulence factors)

A
  • Enzymes that harm the host or prevent detection
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5
Q

Pathogenicity island (What is it?)

A

Pathogenicity island: a “genomic island” that contains virulence factors in many microbes - the genes that code for virulence

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways a cell can pick up a pathogen?

A

○ Often acquired via methods of horizontal gene transfer
§ Membrane vesicle fusion: Picking up genes from environment
§ Transduction: Bacteriophage genome integration (lysogeny that remains)
§ Conjugation: Bacterial sex
§ Transformation: when they pick up free DNA in the environment (staphylococcus aureus is good at doing this)

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7
Q

Pathogen attachment (What are the three types of structures they use?)

A
  • Pathogen attachment
    ○ Adhesin: any microbial factor that promotes attachment
    ○ Types of adhesins
    § Pili, also called fimbriae
    § Nonpilus adhesions
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8
Q

Type l pili (What are they like)

A
  • Type l pili: static, hairlike appendages used only for attachment - most common - like salmonella
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9
Q

Type ll Pili (What are they?)

A
  • Type lV pili: dynamic, thin, and flexible for “twitching motility”
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10
Q

Nonpilus adhesins (What are they?)

A
  • Cell wall associated proteins that bind to host proteins like integrin or fibronectin
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11
Q

Extracellular immune avoidance (What are the three types?)

A
  • capsules
  • cell surface proteins
  • cell to cell communication via quorum sensing
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12
Q

Autoinducer (What is it?)

A

§ Autoinducer - molecule that creates signals, which is produced as the number of bacteria changes

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13
Q

5 ways extracellular pathogens avoid the immune system?

A

○ Cytokines - chemicals that tell the immune system to respond or not
§ Can be secreted as fakes or the actual thing
○ Control virulence factor synthesis
○ Sequester antibodies
○ Vary antigen structure
○ Capsule

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14
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogens (What are they?)

A

Facultative intracellular pathogens

Can invade host cells but also can survive extracellularly

Examples: Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria

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15
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogens (What are they?)

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens

Invade and reproduce inside a host cell only

Examples: Rickettsia, Coxiella, Bartonella

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16
Q

What do intracellular pathogens do to spread?

A
  • Intracellular pathogens trick host cells into transferring cytoplasm/proteins which is how they spread.
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17
Q

Exotoxin (how does it act?)

A

Exotoxin: excreted out of the bacterial cell

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18
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • Endotoxin (only in gram -)
    ○ Part of the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall that includes lipopolysaccharides
    ○ Fever, activation of clotting factors, activation of complement, vasodilation, shock, and death may result when endotoxin is released into the blood
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19
Q

Antigenic variation (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic variation - antibodies to one capsid protein are not effective on other (Rhinovirus)
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20
Q

Antigenic shift (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic shift: two strains of influenza virus infect the same cell and the genomes get mixed -> makes a dramatically different virus (influenza)
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21
Q

Antigenic drift (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic drift: Random mutations can occur within the cell that a virus infects, creating small changes in virus proteins (Can occur to any virus)
22
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Antigenic masking what is it?)

A

○ Antigenic masking: some protozoans coat themselves in host antigens to avoid detection by the immune system

23
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Immunosupression what is it?)

A

○ Immunosuppression: some protozoans induce secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines to reduce the innate immune response

24
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Antigenic variation example of it)

A

○ Antigenic variation example:
§ Trypanosome coated with VSG -> one cell switched to “blue” VSG. The “green” VSG protozoa are killed (ghost white cells). -> “blue” VSG repopulate blood.

25
Q

Innate immunity (What is it?)

A
  • Innate immunity
    ○ First line of defence
    ○ Immediate response
    ○ Not specific
    ○ Always on (from the time of infection, through incubation period, and until the infection ends)
26
Q

Adaptive immunity (What is it?)

A
  • Adaptive immunity
    ○ Specific to its target
    ○ Slower to activate
    ○ Must “see” the antigen
    ○ Generates memory cells
27
Q

Innate cells (What are the three)

A
  • Innate cells - produce chemicals to call more immune cells; eat the invader
    ○ Mast cells
    ○ Neutrophils
    ○ Monocytes
28
Q

Both adaptive and innate cells (What are they?)

A
  • Both adaptive and innate cells
    ○ PBMC
    ○ Dendritic cells
    ○ Macrophages
    ○ Natural killer cells
29
Q

Adaptive immunity (What are the cells?)

A
  • Adaptive cells - create specific antibodies to respond to infections
    ○ B cells with antibodies
    ○ T cells
    ○ T regulatory cells
30
Q

Neutrophils (What are they?)

A
  • Neutrophils (innate)
    ○ Make up nearly all WBC’s in the blood
    ○ Engulf microbes by phagocytosis
31
Q

Basophils and eosinophils (What are they?)

A
  • Basophils and eosinophils (innate)
    ○ Less efficient than neutrophils
    ○ Release products toxic to the microbe
    ○ Vasoactive chemical mediators important for inflammation
32
Q

Mast cells (What are they?)

A
  • Mast cells (innate)
    ○ Contain histamine and heparin
    ○ Reside in connective tissues and mucosa; do not circulate in the bloodstream
33
Q

Monocytes (What are they and their two branches?)

A

Monocytes (innate)
- Circulate in the blood
- Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
○ Macrophages (innate and adaptive)
§ Widely distributed through the body
§ Phagocytose
§ Present antigens on surface of T cells
○ Dendritic cells (innate and adaptive)
§ Located in spleen, lymph nodes, skin
§ Phagocytose
§ Present small antigens on their cell surface to T cells

34
Q

Natural killer cells (What are they?)

A

Natural killer (NK) cells (innate and adaptive) - seek out and destroy infected host cells and cells that have been transformed to cancer cells
- Recognize specific targets that are found on all host cells (called MHC class 1 molecules)
○ If no MHC class 1 molecules, cell is destroyed
§ This molecule is the one that designates that it isnt foreign

35
Q

Inflamation (What is it?)

A

○ Inflamation is critical innate defence
§ It provides a way for phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells) to enter infected areas within tissues to remove the pathogen
□ Movement of the cells out of blood vessels is called extravasation

36
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of Inflamation?

A

§ 5 cardinal signs: H-E-R-P-A
□ Heat, edema, redness, pain, altered function

37
Q

Fever (What is it and why does it happen?)

A
  • Fever - usually an acute immune response
    ○ Normal body temperature is 36 to 38
    ○ Fever is anything above 38
    ○ Thermoregulation
    § Heat sensors
    □ Skin, large organs, spinal cord
    § Hypothalamus
    □ A thermostat that controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation
38
Q

Pyrogens (What are they?)

A
  • Pyrogens
    ○ Substances that cause fever
    ○ Pyrogens can be
    § External
    □ Bacterial toxins
    § Internal (belonging to the host)
39
Q

Chronic inflammation (What is it?)

A
  • Chronic inflamation: results from the persistent presence of foreign body
    ○ Permanent tissue damage - anything that continually stimulates the inflammatory response
40
Q

Granuloma (What is it?)

A
  • Granuloma - body trying to “wall off” infection
41
Q

B cells (Memory B and plasma B What are they?)

A
  • B cells - cells that recognize antigens on pathogen surface using antibodies and create more antibodies
    ○ Becomes activated to proliferate into memory B cells and plasma cells
    ○ B cells have antibodies on their surface that they create after T-cells show them an antigen
    § Memory B cells - remember the antigen for future immune responses
    § Plasma B cells - create tons of antibodies to work in destroying antigens
42
Q

T cells (Helper T Cells What are they?)

A
  • T cells
    ○ Helper T cells - recognize antigens and secrete cytokines that help activate B cell Differentiation
43
Q

T cells (Cytotoxic T cells what are they?)

A

○ Cytotoxic T cells - kill pathogens

44
Q

T cells (regulatory T cells What are they?)

A

○ Regulatory T cells - Help control immune reactions

45
Q

Antigens (Definition)

A
  • Antigens - molecules that cause an immune response
46
Q

Antigenicity (What does it mean?)

A
  • Antigenicity, or immunogenicity, measures how well an antigen elicits an immune response
    ○ Proteins are the strongest antigens, but carbohydrates can elicit immune responses
47
Q

Primary antibody response (What does it consist of?)

A
  • Primary antibody response
    ○ An antigen binds to B-cell receptor
    § The receptor is specific to that particular antigen
    ○ B cell is activated (by helper T cytokines and antigen binding)
    ○ B cell begins to proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell (secretes antibodies and memory B cell (remembers antigen for future)
48
Q

Secondary Antibody response (What does it consist of?)

A
  • Secondary antibody response
    ○ Basis of immunization
    ○ After B-cell activation, memory B cells are generated
    ○ When memory B cells encounter antigen again, they quickly trigger a robust secondary antibody response
49
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (What are they?)

A
  • Primary lymphoid organs
    ○ Where immature lymphocytes are created, differentiate and mature
    § Bone marrow (B cells)
    Thymus (T cells)
50
Q

Secondary Lymphoid organs

A

○ Secondary lymphoid organs
§ Where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and become functional
□ Lymph nodes
□ Spleen
□ Tonsils, adenoids
□ Appendix

51
Q

What are blood cell differentials used for?)

A

How we use blood cell differentials in practice
- White blood cell differentials
○ Total number of WBCs in sample
○ Identify
§ Neutrophils
§ Eosinophils
§ Basophils
§ Lymphocytes
§ Monocytes

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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