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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 5th Exam > Flashcards

Biol 202 5th Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenesis (What is it?)

A
  • Pathogenesis: the ability to cause disease
    ○ All pathogens have virulence factors
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2
Q

5 steps of pathogenesis (What are they?)

A

5 steps of pathogenesis
1. Entry
2. Attachment and colonization of tissue
3. Avoidance of host immune system
4. Host damage
5. Exit

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3
Q

Pili (What are they?)

A
  • Pili - “grappling hooks” - allows them to attach to tissues
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4
Q

Enzymes (What do they do in the context of Virulence factors)

A
  • Enzymes that harm the host or prevent detection
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5
Q

Pathogenicity island (What is it?)

A

Pathogenicity island: a “genomic island” that contains virulence factors in many microbes - the genes that code for virulence

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways a cell can pick up a pathogen?

A

○ Often acquired via methods of horizontal gene transfer
§ Membrane vesicle fusion: Picking up genes from environment
§ Transduction: Bacteriophage genome integration (lysogeny that remains)
§ Conjugation: Bacterial sex
§ Transformation: when they pick up free DNA in the environment (staphylococcus aureus is good at doing this)

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7
Q

Pathogen attachment (What are the three types of structures they use?)

A
  • Pathogen attachment
    ○ Adhesin: any microbial factor that promotes attachment
    ○ Types of adhesins
    § Pili, also called fimbriae
    § Nonpilus adhesions
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8
Q

Type l pili (What are they like)

A
  • Type l pili: static, hairlike appendages used only for attachment - most common - like salmonella
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9
Q

Type ll Pili (What are they?)

A
  • Type lV pili: dynamic, thin, and flexible for “twitching motility”
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10
Q

Nonpilus adhesins (What are they?)

A
  • Cell wall associated proteins that bind to host proteins like integrin or fibronectin
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11
Q

Extracellular immune avoidance (What are the three types?)

A
  • capsules
  • cell surface proteins
  • cell to cell communication via quorum sensing
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12
Q

Autoinducer (What is it?)

A

§ Autoinducer - molecule that creates signals, which is produced as the number of bacteria changes

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13
Q

5 ways extracellular pathogens avoid the immune system?

A

○ Cytokines - chemicals that tell the immune system to respond or not
§ Can be secreted as fakes or the actual thing
○ Control virulence factor synthesis
○ Sequester antibodies
○ Vary antigen structure
○ Capsule

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14
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogens (What are they?)

A

Facultative intracellular pathogens

Can invade host cells but also can survive extracellularly

Examples: Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria

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15
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogens (What are they?)

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens

Invade and reproduce inside a host cell only

Examples: Rickettsia, Coxiella, Bartonella

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16
Q

What do intracellular pathogens do to spread?

A
  • Intracellular pathogens trick host cells into transferring cytoplasm/proteins which is how they spread.
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17
Q

Exotoxin (how does it act?)

A

Exotoxin: excreted out of the bacterial cell

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18
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • Endotoxin (only in gram -)
    ○ Part of the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall that includes lipopolysaccharides
    ○ Fever, activation of clotting factors, activation of complement, vasodilation, shock, and death may result when endotoxin is released into the blood
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19
Q

Antigenic variation (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic variation - antibodies to one capsid protein are not effective on other (Rhinovirus)
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20
Q

Antigenic shift (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic shift: two strains of influenza virus infect the same cell and the genomes get mixed -> makes a dramatically different virus (influenza)
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21
Q

Antigenic drift (What is it?)

A
  • Antigenic drift: Random mutations can occur within the cell that a virus infects, creating small changes in virus proteins (Can occur to any virus)
22
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Antigenic masking what is it?)

A

○ Antigenic masking: some protozoans coat themselves in host antigens to avoid detection by the immune system

23
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Immunosupression what is it?)

A

○ Immunosuppression: some protozoans induce secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines to reduce the innate immune response

24
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis (Antigenic variation example of it)

A

○ Antigenic variation example:
§ Trypanosome coated with VSG -> one cell switched to “blue” VSG. The “green” VSG protozoa are killed (ghost white cells). -> “blue” VSG repopulate blood.

25
Innate immunity (What is it?)
- Innate immunity ○ First line of defence ○ Immediate response ○ Not specific ○ Always on (from the time of infection, through incubation period, and until the infection ends)
26
Adaptive immunity (What is it?)
- Adaptive immunity ○ Specific to its target ○ Slower to activate ○ Must "see" the antigen ○ Generates memory cells
27
Innate cells (What are the three)
- Innate cells - produce chemicals to call more immune cells; eat the invader ○ Mast cells ○ Neutrophils ○ Monocytes
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Both adaptive and innate cells (What are they?)
- Both adaptive and innate cells ○ PBMC ○ Dendritic cells ○ Macrophages ○ Natural killer cells
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Adaptive immunity (What are the cells?)
- Adaptive cells - create specific antibodies to respond to infections ○ B cells with antibodies ○ T cells ○ T regulatory cells
30
Neutrophils (What are they?)
- Neutrophils (innate) ○ Make up nearly all WBC's in the blood ○ Engulf microbes by phagocytosis
31
Basophils and eosinophils (What are they?)
- Basophils and eosinophils (innate) ○ Less efficient than neutrophils ○ Release products toxic to the microbe ○ Vasoactive chemical mediators important for inflammation
32
Mast cells (What are they?)
- Mast cells (innate) ○ Contain histamine and heparin ○ Reside in connective tissues and mucosa; do not circulate in the bloodstream
33
Monocytes (What are they and their two branches?)
Monocytes (innate) - Circulate in the blood - Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells ○ Macrophages (innate and adaptive) § Widely distributed through the body § Phagocytose § Present antigens on surface of T cells ○ Dendritic cells (innate and adaptive) § Located in spleen, lymph nodes, skin § Phagocytose § Present small antigens on their cell surface to T cells
34
Natural killer cells (What are they?)
Natural killer (NK) cells (innate and adaptive) - seek out and destroy infected host cells and cells that have been transformed to cancer cells - Recognize specific targets that are found on all host cells (called MHC class 1 molecules) ○ If no MHC class 1 molecules, cell is destroyed § This molecule is the one that designates that it isnt foreign
35
Inflamation (What is it?)
○ Inflamation is critical innate defence § It provides a way for phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells) to enter infected areas within tissues to remove the pathogen □ Movement of the cells out of blood vessels is called extravasation
36
What are the 5 cardinal signs of Inflamation?
§ 5 cardinal signs: H-E-R-P-A □ Heat, edema, redness, pain, altered function
37
Fever (What is it and why does it happen?)
- Fever - usually an acute immune response ○ Normal body temperature is 36 to 38 ○ Fever is anything above 38 ○ Thermoregulation § Heat sensors □ Skin, large organs, spinal cord § Hypothalamus □ A thermostat that controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation
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Pyrogens (What are they?)
- Pyrogens ○ Substances that cause fever ○ Pyrogens can be § External □ Bacterial toxins § Internal (belonging to the host)
39
Chronic inflammation (What is it?)
- Chronic inflamation: results from the persistent presence of foreign body ○ Permanent tissue damage - anything that continually stimulates the inflammatory response
40
Granuloma (What is it?)
- Granuloma - body trying to "wall off" infection
41
B cells (Memory B and plasma B What are they?)
- B cells - cells that recognize antigens on pathogen surface using antibodies and create more antibodies ○ Becomes activated to proliferate into memory B cells and plasma cells ○ B cells have antibodies on their surface that they create after T-cells show them an antigen § Memory B cells - remember the antigen for future immune responses § Plasma B cells - create tons of antibodies to work in destroying antigens
42
T cells (Helper T Cells What are they?)
- T cells ○ Helper T cells - recognize antigens and secrete cytokines that help activate B cell Differentiation
43
T cells (Cytotoxic T cells what are they?)
○ Cytotoxic T cells - kill pathogens
44
T cells (regulatory T cells What are they?)
○ Regulatory T cells - Help control immune reactions
45
Antigens (Definition)
- Antigens - molecules that cause an immune response
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Antigenicity (What does it mean?)
- Antigenicity, or immunogenicity, measures how well an antigen elicits an immune response ○ Proteins are the strongest antigens, but carbohydrates can elicit immune responses
47
Primary antibody response (What does it consist of?)
- Primary antibody response ○ An antigen binds to B-cell receptor § The receptor is specific to that particular antigen ○ B cell is activated (by helper T cytokines and antigen binding) ○ B cell begins to proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell (secretes antibodies and memory B cell (remembers antigen for future)
48
Secondary Antibody response (What does it consist of?)
- Secondary antibody response ○ Basis of immunization ○ After B-cell activation, memory B cells are generated ○ When memory B cells encounter antigen again, they quickly trigger a robust secondary antibody response
49
Primary lymphoid organs (What are they?)
- Primary lymphoid organs ○ Where immature lymphocytes are created, differentiate and mature § Bone marrow (B cells) Thymus (T cells)
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Secondary Lymphoid organs
○ Secondary lymphoid organs § Where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and become functional □ Lymph nodes □ Spleen □ Tonsils, adenoids □ Appendix
51
What are blood cell differentials used for?)
How we use blood cell differentials in practice - White blood cell differentials ○ Total number of WBCs in sample ○ Identify § Neutrophils § Eosinophils § Basophils § Lymphocytes § Monocytes

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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