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1st year (1st Semester) > BIOL 202 1st exam > Flashcards

BIOL 202 1st exam Flashcards

1
Q

Microbe (Definition)

A

A microbe: is a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

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2
Q

Coccus (what does it define)

A

Coccus: circular

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3
Q

Bacillus (what does it define?)

A

Bacillus: rod shaped

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4
Q

Spirillum (What does it define?)

A

Spirillum: spiral shaped

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5
Q

Bacterial transformation (What is it?)

A

Bacterial transformation: a way that a bacterium can go from one form to another

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6
Q

What classes a microbe?

A
  • Single celled
  • Small (-0.2 micrometers (um))
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7
Q

Are viruses microbes?

A
  • Viruses (they are microbes but do not have a cell)
    ○ Noncellular; can be made up to ten times smaller than a cell
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8
Q

Are parasites microbes?

A

Parasites are microbes but follow different rules

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9
Q

How do you write an organism’s name on paper?

A
  1. Underline the name
  2. Capitalize the Genus
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10
Q

How do you write an organism’s name in text?

A
  1. italicize the name
  2. Capitalize the genus
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11
Q

Prokaryotes (Characteristics)

A

○ Prokaryotic
- No true nucleus or nuclear membrane
- Bacteria an archaea
- No membrane bound organelles

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12
Q

Eukaryotes (Characteristics)

A

Eukaryotic
- Have a true nucleus
- Fungi, protozoa, algae
- Membrane bound organelle

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13
Q

Virus (characteristics)

A

○ Noncellular
○ Non-metabolic
○ Unable to reproduce independently
§ Invade cells, which produces new viruses
- Genes arent always made of DNA

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14
Q

Robert Hooke (what did he do?)

A

Robert Hooke: built the first compound microscope

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15
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (what did he do?)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: first observed bacteria with a single lens-microscope

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16
Q

Spontaneous generation (definition)

A

Spontaneous generation: theory that organisms can arise spontaneously

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17
Q

Louis Pasteur (what did he do?)

A
  • Louis Pasteur: showed that bacteria were living things capable of reproducing NOT spontaneously appearing but binary fission
    ○ Exposure to air allows for microorganisms to develop
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18
Q

Robert Koch (What did he do?)

A

Robert Koch: developed the first scientific method for establishing the microbial cause of a disease

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19
Q

Koch’s postulates (1-2)

A

Koch’s postulates
1. Microbe is present in all disease cases but absent from healthy people
2. Microbe can be isolated from diseased host and grown in culture

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20
Q

Koch’s postulates (3-4)

A
  1. Microbe causes disease when put into a healthy animal
  2. Same strain of microbe is present in newly diseased host
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21
Q

What disease cannot use Koch’s postulates?

A
  • HIV is difficult to detect and is an exclusively human pathogen
    ○ Therefore, following the postulates would involve infecting human subjects with HIV, which is highly unethical = cannot follow the third postulate
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22
Q

Microbiota (what is it?)

A
  • Microbiota: microbes that have a mutualistic relationship with the human body
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23
Q

Pathogenicity (What is it?)

A

Pathogenicity: the ability of an organism to cause disease

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24
Q

Disease (Definition)

A
  • Disease: a disruption of normal structure/function of the body
25
Q

Infectious disease (Definition)

A
  • Infectious disease: disease caused by a microbe that can be transferred
26
Q

What 4 main ways do microbes help our body?

A

○ Digestion
○ Synthesizing compounds needed for the body
○ Brain health
- Helping our immune system

27
Q

What 4 ways do microbes help out environment?

A

○ Nitrogen fixation
○ Primary producers (like plants) and consumers (like bugs) in food webs need this
○ Mutualistic relationships with other organisms
- Breakdown of toxins/pollutants

28
Q

What helped clean the deep water horizon oil spill?

A

The deep water horizon oil spill was cleaned up by microbes

29
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Domains of life
- Bacteria (prokaryotes)
- Archaea
- Eukarya (Eukaryotes

30
Q

What were the 3 molecules in the primitive atmosphere before microbes developed?

A
  • Primitive atmosphere:
    ○ Methane (CH4)
    ○ Ammonia (NH3)
    ○ Hydrogen gas (H2)
31
Q

Evolution of prokaryotes (step 2 and 3)

A
  • Water vapor + electricity leads to organic molecules
    ○ Organic molecules = carbon and hydrogen rich molecules like sugar
    § Has to have both carbon and hydrogen to be an organic molecule
  • Organic molecules eventually lead to macromolecules
    - Macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
32
Q

Macromolecules (what are they?)

A

Macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

33
Q

Evolution of prokaryotes (step 4 and 5)

A
  • Macromolecules eventually lead to metabolism
    ○ The ability to use ATP and other nutrients to feed the cell
  • Metabolism leads to living organisms (prokaryotes)
    - Microscopic cells capable of the basic functions of life
34
Q

Endosymbiotic theory (step 1 and 2)

A

Endosymbiotic theology
1. Prokaryote ingests some aerobic bacteria
a. These are protected by the prokaryote and produce energy for it
2. Over time the aerobes become mitochondria that cant live on their own anymore

35
Q

Endosymbiotic theory (step 3 and 4)

A
  1. Some prokaryotes ingest cyanobacteria
    a. These contained photosynthetic pigments
  2. Over a long time the cyanobacteria became chloroplasts and could no longer live on their own
35
Q

Biochemical composition of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (what are the 3 main components

A
  • All cells share the following components
    ○ Water (fundamental solvent of life)
    ○ Inorganic ions (like K, Mg, Cl)
    - Organic macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins)
36
Q

Hydrophobic (Definition)

A

○ Hydrophobic: compounds that are mostly nonpolar (uncharged); do not dissolve in water
§ Like oil and water

37
Q

Hydrophilic (Definition)

A

○ Hydrophilic: compounds that are polar (charged); compounds that are polar (charged); dissolve in water
§ Hydro = water
§ Phobic = fearing
§ Philic = loving

38
Q

Lipids (what do they do and what are they bonded by?)

A
  • Lipids: are important structural components of cell membranes and other parts of the cell
    ○ Held together by: ester bonds
39
Q

What is the rule of membrane permeability?

A

In general, membranes are permeable to hydrophobic molecules and impermeable to hydrophilic molecules

40
Q

Phospholipids (what is the head and tail made of?)

A

○ These form a stable phospholipid bilayer
§ Phosphate group (charged; hydrophilic)
§ Fatty acids (uncharged; hydrophobic)

41
Q

Diffusion (definition)

A
  • Diffusion: passive transport where compounds move across the membrane without assistance
    ○ Osmosis (transport of water)
42
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (definition)

A
  • Facilitated diffusion: a type of passive transport that involves membrane proteins carrying the compound
    ○ A protein must be involved for this to occur
42
Q

Isotonic solution (what happens to the bilayer?)

A

Isotonic solution + water movement = no change in bilayer

43
Q

Hypertonic solution (what happens to the bilayer?)

A

Cell in a Hypertonic solution + water movement = bilayer shrinks

44
Q

Hypotonic solution (what happens to the bilayer?)

A

Cell in a Hypotonic solution + water movement = bilayer expands (too much will explode the bilayer)

45
Q

Symport (Definition)

A

Symport - where two molecules travel in the same direction

46
Q

Antiport (definition)

A

Antiport - where two molecules are going in the opposite directions

47
Q

Siderophores (Definition)

A

Siderophores: helps bring iron molecules into the cell
○ Greek for “iron bearer”

48
Q

Carbohydrates (What are they and what are they bonded by?)

A
  • Carbohydrates are chains of sugar monomers
    ○ Held together by glycosidic bonds
49
Q

Nucleic acids (What are they and what are they bonded by?)

A

Nucleic acid are long chains of nucleotides held together by PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

50
Q

mRNA (What is it and what does it do?)

A

mRNA (messanger RNA) is transcribed from a gene (DNA - mRNA - protein)

51
Q

rRNA (What is it and what does it do?)

A

○ rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is part of a ribosome
§ (codes for protein)

52
Q

tRNA (What is it and what does it do?)

A

○ tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to mRNA
§ (carry amino acids that build proteins)

53
Q

What is true of viruses and RNA?

A

○ Some viruses such as influenza and HIV have genomes made of RNA

54
Q

Primary structures (Definition)

A

○ Primary - simple chains of amino acids in a specific order

55
Q

Secondary structures (definition)

A

○ Secondary - chains from alpha helixes and beta sheets

56
Q

Tertiary structures (definition)

A

○ Tertiary - shape created by R group interactions - this is when they are “proteins”

57
Q

Quaternary structures (Definition)

A

○ Quaternary - have more than one polypeptide unit (multiple proteins interacting to create complexes)

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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