BIOL 220 First exam Flashcards
What is science affected by?
- Science is affected by culture, and the culture is affected by society
How are anatomy and physiology connected?
Anatomy and physiology
- Anatomy and physiology are branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body
- A lot of physiology and anatomy is Greek
Anatomy: gross anatomy (3 branches)
- Gross anatomy-large structures
○ Regional: all organs in a region are examined
○ Systemic: all organs in a particular system(s)
○ Surface: internal structure in relation to the overlying skin
Anatomy: microscope anatomy (2 branches)
- Microscope anatomy
○ Cytology: cells
○ Histology: tissues
Anatomy: developmental anatomy (1 branch)
- Developmental anatomy: lifespan changes
○ Embryology: before birth
Anatomy: pathology (what does it deal with?)
- Pathological anatomy: diseased
Physiology (what is it?)
Physiology:
- Physiology is the science of functions of organisms
Physiology (what are the subdivisions named according to?)
- Organism involved
- Organization level
- Systemic function
What are the three characteristics of life? (Autopoiesis)
- Autopoiesis: living organisms are self organized and self maintaining
What are the three characteristics of life? (Cell theory)
- Cell theory: if it is made of one or more cells it is alive
What are the three characteristics of life? (Metabolism)
- Metabolism: sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
○ Required for making complex compounds from simpler ones (like tissue growth)
○ The faster your metabolism the less efficient your body is
§ You use more calories to get the same result
Organelle (examples)
○ Mitochondria - provides energy needed for cell function
○ Golgi apparatus - packages cell material for internal use later or exportation
Endoplasmic reticulum - aids in chemical movement for chemical signaling and a sight for chemical processing
Survival needs (5 requirements for life)
Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Body temperature (37 Celsius)
- Atmospheric pressure
Required for breathing and gas exchange
Homeostasis (definition and coined by?)
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis describes the relatively constant states maintained by the body
○ Internal environment around body cells remains constant
- Term homeostasis coined by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon
Negative feedback control systems are?
Negative feedback control systems
- Are inhibitory
- Stabilize physiological variables
- Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system
- Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
- Are much more common than positive feedback control systems
Positive feedback control systems are?
Positive feedback control systems
- Are stimulatory
- Amplify or reinforce the change that is occuring
- Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis
- Bring specific body functions to swift completion
Intracellular control (What is it?)
- Intracellular control: control regulates functions within cells by use of genes and enzymes
Intrinsic control (what is it?)
- Intrinsic control: regulates tissue and organ control by use of chemical signal or other built in mechanisms
Extrinsic control (What is it?)
- Extrinsic control: regulates from organ to organ using nerve signals or endocrine hormonal signals
Age and its effects in homeostatic efficiency?
Life cycle: life span considerations
- Homeostatic mechanisms:
○ May not be as efficient during infancy and early childhood as they are in adulthood
○ May lose their efficiency even more in advanced old age
Ipsilateral structures (what are they?)
○ Ipsilateral structures: are on the same side of the body
Contralateral structures (What are they?)
○ Contralateral structures: are on the opposite side if the body
Axial subdivision (is made up of?)
○ Axial subdivision
§ Head
§ Neck
§ Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions
Abdominopelvic regions (top three)
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
