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1st year (1st Semester) > BIOL 220 First exam > Flashcards

BIOL 220 First exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is science affected by?

A
  • Science is affected by culture, and the culture is affected by society
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2
Q

How are anatomy and physiology connected?

A

Anatomy and physiology
- Anatomy and physiology are branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body
- A lot of physiology and anatomy is Greek

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3
Q

Anatomy: gross anatomy (3 branches)

A
  • Gross anatomy-large structures
    ○ Regional: all organs in a region are examined
    ○ Systemic: all organs in a particular system(s)
    ○ Surface: internal structure in relation to the overlying skin
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4
Q

Anatomy: microscope anatomy (2 branches)

A
  • Microscope anatomy
    ○ Cytology: cells
    ○ Histology: tissues
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5
Q

Anatomy: developmental anatomy (1 branch)

A
  • Developmental anatomy: lifespan changes
    ○ Embryology: before birth
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6
Q

Anatomy: pathology (what does it deal with?)

A
  • Pathological anatomy: diseased
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7
Q

Physiology (what is it?)

A

Physiology:
- Physiology is the science of functions of organisms

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8
Q

Physiology (what are the subdivisions named according to?)

A
  • Organism involved
  • Organization level
  • Systemic function
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9
Q

What are the three characteristics of life? (Autopoiesis)

A
  • Autopoiesis: living organisms are self organized and self maintaining
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10
Q

What are the three characteristics of life? (Cell theory)

A
  • Cell theory: if it is made of one or more cells it is alive
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11
Q

What are the three characteristics of life? (Metabolism)

A
  • Metabolism: sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
    ○ Required for making complex compounds from simpler ones (like tissue growth)
    ○ The faster your metabolism the less efficient your body is
    § You use more calories to get the same result
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12
Q

Organelle (examples)

A

○ Mitochondria - provides energy needed for cell function
○ Golgi apparatus - packages cell material for internal use later or exportation
Endoplasmic reticulum - aids in chemical movement for chemical signaling and a sight for chemical processing

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13
Q

Survival needs (5 requirements for life)

A

Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Body temperature (37 Celsius)
- Atmospheric pressure
Required for breathing and gas exchange

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14
Q

Homeostasis (definition and coined by?)

A

Homeostasis
- Homeostasis describes the relatively constant states maintained by the body
○ Internal environment around body cells remains constant
- Term homeostasis coined by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon

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15
Q

Negative feedback control systems are?

A

Negative feedback control systems
- Are inhibitory
- Stabilize physiological variables
- Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system
- Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
- Are much more common than positive feedback control systems

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16
Q

Positive feedback control systems are?

A

Positive feedback control systems
- Are stimulatory
- Amplify or reinforce the change that is occuring
- Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis
- Bring specific body functions to swift completion

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17
Q

Intracellular control (What is it?)

A
  • Intracellular control: control regulates functions within cells by use of genes and enzymes
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18
Q

Intrinsic control (what is it?)

A
  • Intrinsic control: regulates tissue and organ control by use of chemical signal or other built in mechanisms
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19
Q

Extrinsic control (What is it?)

A
  • Extrinsic control: regulates from organ to organ using nerve signals or endocrine hormonal signals
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20
Q

Age and its effects in homeostatic efficiency?

A

Life cycle: life span considerations
- Homeostatic mechanisms:
○ May not be as efficient during infancy and early childhood as they are in adulthood
○ May lose their efficiency even more in advanced old age

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21
Q

Ipsilateral structures (what are they?)

A

○ Ipsilateral structures: are on the same side of the body

22
Q

Contralateral structures (What are they?)

A

○ Contralateral structures: are on the opposite side if the body

23
Q

Axial subdivision (is made up of?)

A

○ Axial subdivision
§ Head
§ Neck
§ Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions

24
Q

Abdominopelvic regions (top three)

A
  • Right hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric region
  • Left hypochondriac region
25
Q

Abdominopelvic regions (middle three)

A
  • Right lumbar region
  • Umbilical region
  • Left lumbar region
26
Q

Abdominopelvic regions (bottom three)

A
  • Right iliac inguinal region
  • Hypogastric region
  • Left iliac inguinal region
27
Q

Sagittal plane (what is it)

A
  • Sagittal plane (cutting the body left and right)
28
Q

Frontal plane (what is it?)

A
  • Frontal plane (cutting the body front ant back)
29
Q

Lumen (what is it?)

A
  • Lumen (luminal): hollow area of an organ
30
Q

Cortical (what is it?)

A
  • Cortical (cortex): outer region of the organ
31
Q

Longitudinal section (What is it?)

A
  • Longitudinal section: a cut along the long axis of an organ is called a longitudinal section
32
Q

What happens to body structure and function as we age?

A
  • Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early (developmental processes) and late years (aging processes)
33
Q

When does the body function least efficiently?

A
  • Infancy and old age are periods when the body functions least well
34
Q

When does the body function most efficiently

A
  • Young adulthood is the period of greatest homeostatic efficiency
35
Q

Atrophy (What is it?)

A
  • Atrophy: describes the wasting effects of advanced age
36
Q

Buccal (where is it referring to?)

A

Cheek region

37
Q

Mental (where is it referring to?)

A

Chin region

38
Q

Inguinal (where is it referring to?)

A

groin region

39
Q

Antecubital (where is it referring to?)

A

inner elbow region

40
Q

Antebrachial (where is it referring to?)

A

forearm region

41
Q

Pollex (where is it referring to?)

A

the thumb

42
Q

Coxal (where is it referring to?)

A

hip

43
Q

Crural (where is it referring to?)

A

shin

44
Q

Tarsal (where is it referring to?)

A

Ankle

45
Q

Hallux (Where is it referring to?)

A

Big toe

46
Q

Otic (where is it referring to?)

A

Ear

47
Q

Sural (Where is it referring to?)

A

Gastrocnemius

48
Q

Perineal (Where is it referring to?)

A

from anus to genitalia

49
Q

Olecranon (Where is it referring to?)

A

elbow

50
Q
A

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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