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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 2nd exam > Flashcards

Biol 202 2nd exam Flashcards

1
Q

IMViC tests (What are they?)

A

IMViC tests
□ Turns pink = good result
□ Turns yellow = bad result

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2
Q

Starch hydrolysis test

A

§ Starch hydrolysis test
□ Grow a bacterium in starch
□ Add iodine that makes the background black
□ If it eats it away from the streak its a good test
- If not its bad

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3
Q

LPS layer (what cells have it?)

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane
    ○ Only in gram negative cells
    Tend to be pathogenic
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4
Q

What are liposaccharides made of?

A
  • Consists of lipopolysaccharides (Fatty acids + sugar chains)
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4
Q

What makes up the cell envelope?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Inner membrane
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5
Q

Gram - (What are its characteristics?)

A

Gram -

Will look pink when stained
- LPS structure
- Thin peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Gram + (What are its characteristics?)

A

Gram +

Will look purple when stained
- No LPS structure
- Thick peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Membrane protein functions (What are the 5?)

A
  • Membrane protein functions:
    ○ Structural support
    ○ Detecting environmental signals
    ○ Secreting virulence factors and communication signals
    ○ Selective transport
    ○ Energy storage and transfer
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7
Q

What is found within the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?

A
  • In the cytoplasm
    ○ Ribosomes
    ○ Proteins
    ○ RNA polymerase
    § Is an enzyme that makes it easier for metabolic functions to proceed
    § Used in protein synthesis (translation)
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8
Q

What shape is DNA in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

○ Prokaryotes have circular DNA
○ Eukaryotes have linear DNA

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9
Q

Phototaxins, chemotaxins, gravitaxins what are they in a response to?

A

Positive chemotaxis - moving towards a chemical.
Negative chemotaxis - moving away from a chemical.

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10
Q

Gas vesicles (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A
  • Gas vesicles: common in aquatic critters to help them float
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11
Q

Endospores (Prokaryotes: What do they do?)

A

Endospores: common in BACILLUS (rod shaped) and CLOSTRIDIUM species -> protection and perseverance

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12
Q

Magnetosomes (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A

Magnetosomes = respond to magnetic fields

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13
Q

Pili/fimbriae (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A

Pili/fimbriae = help with attachment (and sex)

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14
Q

The plasma membrane (is it present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?)

A

yes

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15
Q

Where are the two places ribosomes can be located?

A
  • Can be either
    ○ Free floating within the cell (make proteins inside the cell)
    ○ In the Rough ER (make proteins for outside the cell)
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16
Q

Smooth ER (What are its functions?)

A
  • Smooth ER
    ○ Lipid synthesis and metabolism
    ○ Hormone synthesis
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17
Q

Vacuoles (What do they do?)

A

Vacuoles
- Storage of waste (animals) or water (plants)

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18
Q

What are eukaryotic cell walls made of?

A

Keratin or chitin

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19
Q

Coccus/cocci = what?

A

Coccus/cocci = circular

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20
Q

Bacillus/bacilli = what?

A

Bacillus/bacilli = rod shaped

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21
Q

Spirillum/spirilla = What?

A

Spirillum/spirilla = spiral shaped

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22
Q

Vibrio = What?

A

Vibrio = comma shaped

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23
Q

Staph = What?

A

Staph = clustered

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24
Q

Strep = what?

A

Strep = chains/filaments

25
Q

Diplo = What?

A

Diplo = two clustered cells

26
Q

Bright light microscopy (What is it good for?)

A

viewing bacteria and eukaryotes

27
Q

Are unstained cells visible to the eye?

A

No they will appear colorless

28
Q

Simple staining

A
  • Simple staining - adds a dark color to the cells, but not the background
    ○ All cells will be the same color
29
Q

Differential staining

A
  • Differential staining - stains two different kinds of cells in a distinguishable manner
30
Q

What is the gram staining procedure chemical order?

A

Crystal violet -> iodine -> alcohol (ethanol) -> safranin

31
Q

Fundamental niche (What is it?)

A
  • Fundamental niche - all the places (and environmental conditions) a critter can possibly occupy based on physiology and genetics
    ○ Specific elevations on the tree
    ○ A bit more broad than realized niche
32
Q

Realized niche (what is it?)

A
  • Realized niche - what they actually occupy due to competition and resource availability
    ○ The whole tree
33
Q

Resources that affect microbial niches (what are they?)

A

Resources that affect microbial niches
○ Preferred niche: where the organism does best in
○ Marginal niche: Each of these has an ideal but they deviate a bit from preferred
- Unavailable niche: unable to live in here

34
Q

Autotrophs (What are they?)

A

§ Autotrophs: make their own carbon compounds starting with CO2/fixes CO2
□ Plants
○ Microbial autotrophs: algae, photosynthetic bacteria

35
Q

Heterotrophs (What are they?)

A

§ Heterotrophs: obtain carbon compounds from other organisms
□ Us
○ Microbial heterotrophs: heterotrophic bacteria, parasites, zooplankton

36
Q

Phototrophs (What are they?)

A

○ Phototrophs use light as an energy source

37
Q

Chemotrophs (What are they?)

A

○ Chemotrophs use potential energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds as an anergy source

38
Q

Lithotrophs (What are they?)

A

○ Lithotrophs: use inorganic chemical compounds for electrons

39
Q

Organotrophs (What are they?)

A

○ Organotrophs: use organic chemical compounds for electrons

40
Q

Organic vs Inorganic compounds (What is the difference?)

A
  • organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
  • inorganic compounds do not
41
Q

Psychrophiles (What are they?)

A
  • Psychrophiles are microbes that grow at temperatures as low as -10C (14F)
    ○ Psychrophilic microbes have proteins that are more flexible than those of mesophiles
    § Lots of fats for fluidity
42
Q

Mesophiles (What are they?)

A
  • Mesophiles include the typical “lab rat” microbes, such as E. Coli and Bacillus cereus
    ○ Growth optimal range between 20C and 40C
    ○ Found on or in humans
43
Q

Thermophiles (What are they?)

A
  • Thermophile have adapted to growth at high temperature, typically 55C+
  • also called extremophiles
44
Q

Hyperthermophiles (What are they?)

A
  • Hyperthermophiles grow at temps as high as 121C which occur under extreme temperature (ocean floor)
  • also called extremophiles
45
Q

Acidophiles (What are they?)

A
  • Acidophiles: bacteria and archaea that live in acidic environments
    ○ Stomach
46
Q

Neutralophiles

A
  • Neutralophiles: bacteria that generally grow between pH 5 and pH 8
47
Q

Alkaliphiles

A
  • Alkaliphiles: grow best at values ranging from pH 9 to pH 11
48
Q

Strict aerobes (What are they?)

A
  • Strict aerobes
    ○ Require oxygen for energy metabolism
    ○ Survive only in environments with oxygen
    ○ Detoxify ROS (reactive oxygen species)
49
Q

Strict anaerobes

A
  • Strict anaerobes
    ○ Do not require oxygen for energy metabolism
    ○ Generally unable to detoxify ROS, making oxygen toxic
    ○ Survive only in environments without oxygen
    § Where might this be on the human body
50
Q

Facultative or Aerotolerant anaerobes (What are they?)

A
  • Facultative or aerotolerant anaerobes: microbes that can live with or without oxygen (they don’t care)
51
Q

Microaerophiles

A
  • Microbes that like just a little oxygen (microaerophiles)
52
Q

Anaerobes and Facultative anaerobes (Where do the two of them live?)

A

Anaerobes: they stay on the bottom of the tube
Facultative anaerobe: critter that grows everywhere

53
Q

Microaerophile and Aerobes (Where do the two of them live?)

A

Microaerophile: distinctive patch in the middle of the tube
Aerobes: at the top of the tube

54
Q

Bacterial growth (how is it measured?)

A
  • Bacterial growth is measured at the population level
55
Q

How does most bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission (splitting of two daughter cells from a parent)

56
Q

Population (What does it classify?)

A
  • Population: more than one organism within one given area
    ○ If they are in different dishes they are two different species
57
Q

Exponential growth (Definition)

A

Exponential growth - growth in which population size doubles at a fixed rate

58
Q

Chemostat (What is it?)

A

An environment that fosters exponential growth continuously (like our intestines: they always introduce more substance for the bacteria to grow exponentially)

59
Q

Population growth curve (Lag phase and Log phase)

A

Lag phase: bacteria are preparing their cell machinery for growth
Log phase: growth approximates an exponential curve (straight line, on a logarithmic scale)

60
Q

Population growth curve (Stationary phase and Death phase)

A

Stationary phase: cell stops growing and shut down their growth machinery, while turning on stress responses to help retain viability
Death phase: cells begin to die at an exponential rate

61
Q
A

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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