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1st year (1st Semester) > Biol 202 2nd exam > Flashcards

Biol 202 2nd exam Flashcards

1
Q

IMViC tests (What are they?)

A

IMViC tests
□ Turns pink = good result
□ Turns yellow = bad result

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2
Q

Starch hydrolysis test

A

§ Starch hydrolysis test
□ Grow a bacterium in starch
□ Add iodine that makes the background black
□ If it eats it away from the streak its a good test
- If not its bad

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3
Q

LPS layer (what cells have it?)

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane
    ○ Only in gram negative cells
    Tend to be pathogenic
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4
Q

What are liposaccharides made of?

A
  • Consists of lipopolysaccharides (Fatty acids + sugar chains)
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4
Q

What makes up the cell envelope?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Inner membrane
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5
Q

Gram - (What are its characteristics?)

A

Gram -

Will look pink when stained
- LPS structure
- Thin peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Gram + (What are its characteristics?)

A

Gram +

Will look purple when stained
- No LPS structure
- Thick peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Membrane protein functions (What are the 5?)

A
  • Membrane protein functions:
    ○ Structural support
    ○ Detecting environmental signals
    ○ Secreting virulence factors and communication signals
    ○ Selective transport
    ○ Energy storage and transfer
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7
Q

What is found within the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?

A
  • In the cytoplasm
    ○ Ribosomes
    ○ Proteins
    ○ RNA polymerase
    § Is an enzyme that makes it easier for metabolic functions to proceed
    § Used in protein synthesis (translation)
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8
Q

What shape is DNA in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

○ Prokaryotes have circular DNA
○ Eukaryotes have linear DNA

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9
Q

Phototaxins, chemotaxins, gravitaxins what are they in a response to?

A

Positive chemotaxis - moving towards a chemical.
Negative chemotaxis - moving away from a chemical.

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10
Q

Gas vesicles (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A
  • Gas vesicles: common in aquatic critters to help them float
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11
Q

Endospores (Prokaryotes: What do they do?)

A

Endospores: common in BACILLUS (rod shaped) and CLOSTRIDIUM species -> protection and perseverance

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12
Q

Magnetosomes (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A

Magnetosomes = respond to magnetic fields

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13
Q

Pili/fimbriae (Prokaryotes: what do they do?)

A

Pili/fimbriae = help with attachment (and sex)

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14
Q

The plasma membrane (is it present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?)

A

yes

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15
Q

Where are the two places ribosomes can be located?

A
  • Can be either
    ○ Free floating within the cell (make proteins inside the cell)
    ○ In the Rough ER (make proteins for outside the cell)
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16
Q

Smooth ER (What are its functions?)

A
  • Smooth ER
    ○ Lipid synthesis and metabolism
    ○ Hormone synthesis
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17
Q

Vacuoles (What do they do?)

A

Vacuoles
- Storage of waste (animals) or water (plants)

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18
Q

What are eukaryotic cell walls made of?

A

Keratin or chitin

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19
Q

Coccus/cocci = what?

A

Coccus/cocci = circular

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20
Q

Bacillus/bacilli = what?

A

Bacillus/bacilli = rod shaped

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21
Q

Spirillum/spirilla = What?

A

Spirillum/spirilla = spiral shaped

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22
Q

Vibrio = What?

A

Vibrio = comma shaped

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23
Staph = What?
Staph = clustered
24
Strep = what?
Strep = chains/filaments
25
Diplo = What?
Diplo = two clustered cells
26
Bright light microscopy (What is it good for?)
viewing bacteria and eukaryotes
27
Are unstained cells visible to the eye?
No they will appear colorless
28
Simple staining
- Simple staining - adds a dark color to the cells, but not the background ○ All cells will be the same color
29
Differential staining
- Differential staining - stains two different kinds of cells in a distinguishable manner
30
What is the gram staining procedure chemical order?
Crystal violet -> iodine -> alcohol (ethanol) -> safranin
31
Fundamental niche (What is it?)
- Fundamental niche - all the places (and environmental conditions) a critter can possibly occupy based on physiology and genetics ○ Specific elevations on the tree ○ A bit more broad than realized niche
32
Realized niche (what is it?)
- Realized niche - what they actually occupy due to competition and resource availability ○ The whole tree
33
Resources that affect microbial niches (what are they?)
Resources that affect microbial niches ○ Preferred niche: where the organism does best in ○ Marginal niche: Each of these has an ideal but they deviate a bit from preferred - Unavailable niche: unable to live in here
34
Autotrophs (What are they?)
§ Autotrophs: make their own carbon compounds starting with CO2/fixes CO2 □ Plants ○ Microbial autotrophs: algae, photosynthetic bacteria
35
Heterotrophs (What are they?)
§ Heterotrophs: obtain carbon compounds from other organisms □ Us ○ Microbial heterotrophs: heterotrophic bacteria, parasites, zooplankton
36
Phototrophs (What are they?)
○ Phototrophs use light as an energy source
37
Chemotrophs (What are they?)
○ Chemotrophs use potential energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds as an anergy source
38
Lithotrophs (What are they?)
○ Lithotrophs: use inorganic chemical compounds for electrons
39
Organotrophs (What are they?)
○ Organotrophs: use organic chemical compounds for electrons
40
Organic vs Inorganic compounds (What is the difference?)
- organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen. - inorganic compounds do not
41
Psychrophiles (What are they?)
- Psychrophiles are microbes that grow at temperatures as low as -10C (14F) ○ Psychrophilic microbes have proteins that are more flexible than those of mesophiles § Lots of fats for fluidity
42
Mesophiles (What are they?)
- Mesophiles include the typical "lab rat" microbes, such as E. Coli and Bacillus cereus ○ Growth optimal range between 20C and 40C ○ Found on or in humans
43
Thermophiles (What are they?)
- Thermophile have adapted to growth at high temperature, typically 55C+ - also called extremophiles
44
Hyperthermophiles (What are they?)
- Hyperthermophiles grow at temps as high as 121C which occur under extreme temperature (ocean floor) - also called extremophiles
45
Acidophiles (What are they?)
- Acidophiles: bacteria and archaea that live in acidic environments ○ Stomach
46
Neutralophiles
- Neutralophiles: bacteria that generally grow between pH 5 and pH 8
47
Alkaliphiles
- Alkaliphiles: grow best at values ranging from pH 9 to pH 11
48
Strict aerobes (What are they?)
- Strict aerobes ○ Require oxygen for energy metabolism ○ Survive only in environments with oxygen ○ Detoxify ROS (reactive oxygen species)
49
Strict anaerobes
- Strict anaerobes ○ Do not require oxygen for energy metabolism ○ Generally unable to detoxify ROS, making oxygen toxic ○ Survive only in environments without oxygen § Where might this be on the human body
50
Facultative or Aerotolerant anaerobes (What are they?)
- Facultative or aerotolerant anaerobes: microbes that can live with or without oxygen (they don't care)
51
Microaerophiles
- Microbes that like just a little oxygen (microaerophiles)
52
Anaerobes and Facultative anaerobes (Where do the two of them live?)
Anaerobes: they stay on the bottom of the tube Facultative anaerobe: critter that grows everywhere
53
Microaerophile and Aerobes (Where do the two of them live?)
Microaerophile: distinctive patch in the middle of the tube Aerobes: at the top of the tube
54
Bacterial growth (how is it measured?)
- Bacterial growth is measured at the population level
55
How does most bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission (splitting of two daughter cells from a parent)
56
Population (What does it classify?)
- Population: more than one organism within one given area ○ If they are in different dishes they are two different species
57
Exponential growth (Definition)
Exponential growth - growth in which population size doubles at a fixed rate
58
Chemostat (What is it?)
An environment that fosters exponential growth continuously (like our intestines: they always introduce more substance for the bacteria to grow exponentially)
59
Population growth curve (Lag phase and Log phase)
Lag phase: bacteria are preparing their cell machinery for growth Log phase: growth approximates an exponential curve (straight line, on a logarithmic scale)
60
Population growth curve (Stationary phase and Death phase)
Stationary phase: cell stops growing and shut down their growth machinery, while turning on stress responses to help retain viability Death phase: cells begin to die at an exponential rate
61

1st year (1st Semester) (15 decks)

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