Biochemistry Flashcards
Williams syn
deletion of chrom #7 long arm (include elastin gene); 特征性elfin faces, extremely friendly, cardiovascular problems hypercalceima (sensitive to VD)
ADA deficiency
adenosine deaminase deficiency: purine salvage pathway (AR) excessive ATP and dATP: feedback inhibit ribonucleotide reductase - prevent DNA synthesis - decrease lymphocyte count - SCID, 1st disease treated with gene therapy
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
convert Acyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA (for TCA or ketone formation) in beta-oxidation of FA deficiency: d. ketones and glucose, i. dicarboxylic acids (二羧酸)
Abetalipoproteinemia
AR, Hereditary defect in Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP) causing inability to synthesize Lipoproteins due to deficiencies in ApoB-100 and ApoB-48 to pack stuff into VLDLs and inability to transport Chylomicrons out of cells First appears in first few months of life Presentation: Lipid Vitamin Deficiencies due to d. transport Failure to Thrive, Steatorrhea, Acanthocytosis(棘红细胞[增多]症) Ataxia, Night Blindness (VA), Fou Smelling Stools (dec lipid absorb) Hyporeflexia, d. Vibratory Sense (Vitamin E Deficiency) Diagnosis: Intestinal Biopsy shows Lipid Accumulation within Enterocytes due to inability to export absorbed lipid as Chylomicrons, VLDLs or LDLs d.Total Cholesterol d. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
snRNP function
remove introns from mRNAs SLE: Ab against U1-snRNP
PRPP
↑ ↓
5’-phosphoribosyl - 1’- pyrophosphate, key intermediate for de novo synthesis of purines and pyromidines. Increase in PRPP synthetase can cause uric acid (product of purine degradation), - gout
EDS
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, AR or AD (6 types) defect in TypeI, III, V collagen: cross-linking hypermobile joints, skin hyperelasticity joint dislocation, berry aneurysms, organ rupture
ataxia telangiectasia
共济失调性毛细血管扩张症 ATM mutated DNA repair mechanism in ATM: can’t join the ends of 2 DNA fragments to repair ds-DNA breaks
Autosomal trisomies Downs
1:700, most commom cause of genetic retardation Drinking age: 21 孕检(abei): 低高低高(↓a-fetoprotein; ↑beta-hCG; ↓ estriol; ↑ inhibin A
Fomepizole
甲吡脞 Inhibit ADH(alcohol DH), an antidote for MeTH or ethylene glycol poisoning
carboxylase
transfer CO2 groups with the help of biotin (e.g., pyruvate carboxylase)
carnitine shuttle
FA metabolism: b-oxidation: Acyl-CoA transferred by carnitine from outer mito membrane (CAT I) to inner membrane (CAT II), and form acetyl-CoA - go into TCA, or form acetoacetate (1 of the 3 major ketone bodies) carnitine deficiency impairs ketone body formation, cause hypoketonic hypoglycemia
cavernous hemangioma
海绵状血管瘤
malate - aspartate cycle
苹果酸-天冬氨酸循环 generate 32 ATP/glucose (aerobic metabolism in heart and liver)
elastin-associated diseases
protein in skin, lung, arteries, vocal cords, ligamenta flava; rich in Gly and Pro, non-hydroxylated forms fibrillin scaffolding (Marfan’s syn, AD) broken down by elastase, which is inhibited by alpla1-antitrypsin (- emphysema,肺气肿)
Chediak-Higashi syn. (CHS) 契东综合症
AR; mutation in LYST gene (LYSosome Trafficking regulatory gene). the gene product is required for the microtubule-dependent sorting of endosomal proteins no polymerization > no intracellular movt of vesicles > no fusion of phagosome & lysosome > no phagolysosome form > granular defects leukocyte defects in chemotaxis, degranulation, killing signs: 1) pyogenic infection (化脓性感染)2)partial albinism; 3) peripheral neuropathy 先天性白细胞颗粒异常综合征, AR 家族有近亲婚配史为一种原因不明的全身性疾病。具有以下特点:①部分性皮眼白化病伴有眼球震颤与畏光;②常发生化脓性感染;③巨溶酶体颗粒 其白细胞内有大块异常颗粒,主要是一种巨大溶酶体,含有多种水解酶。这些异常颗粒主要结合在溶酶体酶上亦可结合在其他细胞上它们使吞噬细胞趋化性减弱杀菌功能缺陷,故患者容易感染
cell cycle: which protein is synthesized predominantly in S? Rb, p53 act on which phase? mutation result in
which protein is synthesized predominantly in S: histone (S = DNA synthesis) Rb, p53 act on which phase: G1 - S transition mutation result in Li-Fraumeni syn
cobalamin
钴胺素, Vit B12 co-factor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase 缺乏引起:megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMN(blood smear shows >6 segments in neutrophils, sign for缺VB12的巨细胞贫血), neurological syptoms包括paresthesias, abnormal myelin-subacute degeneration(as opposed to B9-叶酸 deficiency) very large pool stored in liver; deficiency caused by malabsorption(sprue口炎性腹泻,enteritis, lack intrnisic factors, lack terminal ileum (Crohn’s disease) 诊断:多步骤的Schilling test
collagen synthesis
6步: inside fibroblast: 1-4 steps 1). RER: synthesize preprocol: Gly-X-Y (X, Y = Pro, Lys) 2). ER: hydroxylation of Lys (need Vc - scurvy) 3). ER: glycosylation of hydroxyLys- pro-col, form triple helix of 3 pro-Col chains via hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds - Osteogenesis imperfecta 4). exocytosis Step 5-6: outside of fibroblast: 5). proteolytic processing: remove disulfide bonds: pro- become tropocollagen, insoluable 6) cross-linking: covalent, by Cu+-containing lysyl oxidase) ; EDS
ETC
complex I: NADH dehydrogenase (NADH - NAD, electron transferred along the ETC) complex II: succinate dehydrogenase complex III: cyto b/c1 complex IV: cytochrome oxidase complex V: ATP synthase
Cori’s disease
type III GSD, AR debranching E (a-1,6-glucosidase) milder form of type I (von Gierke’s), fasting hypoglycemia, but blood lactate is normal (gluconeogenesis is intact)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
AR: Phe deletion in CFTR gene: mutation in the Cl- channal, most common lethal genetic disease in white population. thick mucus in lungs (recurrent pulmonary infection), chronic bronchitis, pancreatic insufficiency (malabsorption, steatorrhea脂溢性) 诊断:increase Cl- in sweat [note: if child with nasal polyps, which usually seen in adults: order a sweat test to R/O CF] 治疗:N-acetylcysteine to break up disulfide bonds in mucus glycoprotein, so loosen mucus plugs
cystine
胱氨酸(made of 2 cysteine connected by disulfade bond); cysteine: 半胱氨酸; homocysteine: 高胱氨酸
Wernicke’s encephalopathy –Korsakoff syndrome
缺VB1 WE三联征:confusion, opthalmoplegia (paralysis (-plegia) of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements导致double vision), ataxia Korsakoff syndrome: acute onset of severe memory impairment