医学单词 Flashcards by chang su

retrosternal

胸骨

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polycythemia

红细胞增多症

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polyposis, polyp

息肉

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pectus excavatum

漏斗胸（Mafan’s 症状）

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Epistaxis

鼻出血

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scoliosis

脊柱侧凸

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alopecia

[,ælә’pi:ʃiә] 脱发

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ophthalmoplegia

眼肌麻痹

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cheilosis

唇干裂

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convulsion

惊厥，抽搐

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phenytoin

苯妥英，抗癫痫药，可诱发叶酸缺乏

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transketolase

转羟乙醛酶

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homogentisic acid

尿黑酸（Alkaptonuria)

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sprue[spru:]

口炎性腹泻

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malonyl

丙二酰基

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adenosyl

腺嘌呤核苷基

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hemachromatosis

血色素沉着病

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osteomalacia

软骨病

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stupor

麻木

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Dysgeusia

味觉障碍

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carnitine

肉碱

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homogentisic acid

尿黑酸

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gargoylism

脂肪软骨营养不良

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iduronidase

艾杜糖苷酸酶，在Hurler’s syn中缺乏

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iduronate sulfatase

艾杜糖醛酸硫酸酯酶, Hunter’s syn缺乏

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dyslipidemia

血脂障碍

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Acanthocytosis

棘红细胞[增多]症

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aveoli

肺泡

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aplastic anemia

再障

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methemoglobinemia

正铁血红蛋白血[症]

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alkalosis

碱中毒

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eosinophilic

嗜曙红的, 嗜酸性的

eosinophils: parasitic infection, IgE-mediated allergy

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hydronephrosis

肾盂积水

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metaplasia

组织变形，组织转化

one cell type replaces another

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dysplasia

发育异常； disordered cell growth, can proceed to cancer

e.g.: squamous dysplasia of cervix: cells lack orientation, nuclei enlarge, irregular nuclear margin

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liquefactive

液化的

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caseous

干酪样的 
caseous necrosis (典型：TB granuloma)

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carcinoid

类癌

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confabulation

虚构（神经症状）

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parethesias

感觉异常

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asterixis

扑翼性震颤

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hydroxybutyrate

羟基丁酸 (acetyl-CoA代谢产物），酮体之一

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rubor, tumor, calor, dolor

redness, swelling, heat, pain

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gingivitis

龈炎

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opsonin

调理素（chemotaxis中，attach to bacteria)

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Arachidonic acid

精氨琥珀酸（花生四烯酸）

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anasarca (ana’sarca )

普遍性水肿, 皮下水肿

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granulomatous

肉芽肿的

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keloid

瘢痕瘤,瘢痕疙瘩

raised scar caused by excessive syn of Type III collagen. common in African Americans, may result from 3rd-degree burns

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rouleaux

缗钱状,钱串状

rouleaux formation of RBC: i. ESR

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CRP

C-reactive protein

marker of necrosis with acute inflammation (e.g.: disrupted atherosclerotic plaques; bact. infection) and disease activity (rheumatoid arthritis)

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hives

荨麻疹, type I hypersensitivity reaction

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turgor

充盈,

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supine

卧位

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effusions

积液

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pretibial myxedema

胫骨前粘液水肿,胫前粘液性水肿

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anasarca

普遍性水肿, 皮下水肿

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megakaryocyte

巨核细胞, platelet derived from megakaryocytes in BM

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thrombasthenia

血小板机能不全

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transudate

漏出液 (protein- and cel-poor) vs. exudate (protein- and cell-rich)

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filariasis

丝虫病, 引起lymphedema

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delirium

谵妄, 发狂, 妄想

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petechiae

瘀点【pe’techi’ai]

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pneumothorax

气胸【numo’thorax]

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acetaminophen

扑热息痛

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tinnitus

耳鸣

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stasis dermatitis

停滞性皮炎 (discoloration around ankle）

sign of deep vein thrombosis

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granulomatous [granu’loumatous]

肉芽肿的

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pheochromocytoma

嗜铬细胞瘤,

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tricuspid

三尖瓣

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coarctation

缩窄

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infundibular stenosis

漏斗部狭窄（法乐氏四联症之一）

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syncope [sinkapi:]

晕厥

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marantic

消瘦的，消耗性的

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myxoma

粘液瘤

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pernicious

恶性的 pernicious anemia

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schistocyte

裂红细胞（MHA: micro- or macro-hemolytic anemia的征象）， mostly caused by aortic stenosis (被机械力量打碎）

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preeclampsia

先兆子痫

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Plasmodia

疟原虫

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inguinal

腹股沟的

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vulvar

外阴的

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pruritus

瘙痒

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dyscrasias

恶液质

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insidious

隐匿的

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uremic

尿毒症的

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urticaria

荨麻疹

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kernicterus

核黄疸

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hemoptysis [hi’moptisis]

咯血

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fremitus [‘fremitus]

震颤

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percussion

叩诊

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epiglottitis

会厌炎

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choanal atresia

鼻后孔闭锁

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atelectasis [ate’lectasis]

肺不张

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nosocomial

医院的，医源性的

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crackles

湿罗音

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kyphoscoli’osis

脊柱侧突

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pneumoconiosis

pneumoconi’osis 尘肺病

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habitus

体型

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bronchiectasis

支气管扩张

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ferruginous bodies

铁锈色体 (见于石棉肺）

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mediastinum

纵膈

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eustachian

咽鼓管

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otitis

耳炎

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Lichen planus

扁平苔藓

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dentigerous cyst

含牙囊肿

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caries

龋齿

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mandible

下颌的

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verrucous

疣的

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parotid [pa’rotid]

腮腺的

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fistula

瘘

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diverticulum [diver’ticulum]

憩室，膨胀； pl: diverticula

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halitosis

口臭

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hernia

疝

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hiatal

裂孔的

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epigastric

舒服不

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hematemesis [hema’temesis]

呕血

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varices

静脉曲张

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bulimia

贪食

bulimia nervosa：神经性贪食

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pneumomediastinum

纵膈积气

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achalasia [eika’leshia]

失弛缓性,弛缓不能

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leiomyoma

平滑肌瘤

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pyloric

幽门的

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colicky

疝气的

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dysentery [‘disәntәri]

痢疾

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tenesmus [te’nismas]

里急后重, 下坠

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hematochezia [ha’matou’kizia]

便血

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atresia

闭锁

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intussusception [intusa’seption]

套叠

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sigmoid

已状结肠

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inguinal

腹股沟的

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scrotal

阴囊的

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incarceration

箝闭

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angiodysplasia

血管发育异常

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cecum

盲肠

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ectasias

扩张

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vitelline [vi’teli:n]

卵黄的

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omphalomesenteric

脐肠系膜的

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somatostatin

促生长素抑制素;

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epigastric

上腹部的

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anorexia

食欲缺乏

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pylephlebitis

门静脉炎

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peliosis

紫癜

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hematobilia

胆道出血

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cholestatic, cholestasis

胆汁郁积

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hemosiderin

含铁血黄素

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cholangitis

胆管炎

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hydatid

囊, 棘球囊, 棘球蚴囊, 包虫囊

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thiolase

乙酰辅酶A乙酰基转移酶

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cavernous hemangioma

海绵状血管瘤

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malaise

不适

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steatosis

脂肪变性

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subcostal

肋骨下的

tenderness over the right subcostal area: cholecystitis

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cholecystokinin

胆囊收缩素

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azotemia [eizou’timia]

氮血症 ↑ serum BUN + creatinine

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mesangial

肾小球系膜

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periorbital

眶周的

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pyelonephritis

肾盂肾炎

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groin

腹股沟

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colloid

胶体, 胶质; 胶态的

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impetigo

脓疱病

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uremic

尿毒症的

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pauci-immune

微量免疫

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pyuria

脓尿

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retroperitoneal

腹膜后的

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extrophy

外翻

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epispadias

尿道上裂

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cystitis

膀胱炎

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cystocele

膀胱疝（bladder wall protrudes into the vagina)

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choriocarcinoma

绒毛膜癌

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Chlamydia

衣原体

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perineum

会阴

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gynecomastia

男子女性型乳房

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tumescence

肿胀

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treponema pallidum

苍白密螺旋体,梅毒螺旋体,

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venereal warts

尖锐湿疣

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curettage

刮除术

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leiomyoma

平滑肌瘤

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adnexal

附件的

nulliparity

未经产

vasectomy

输精管切除术

calyces

盏,盂,(花)萼,输卵管萼,蕈体冠(前脑)

hemianopia

偏盲

craniopharyngioma

颅咽管瘤

sella turcica/ intrasellar

蝶鞍/ 蝶鞍内

acropachy

杵状指

debridement

清创术

psoriasis/psoriatic

牛皮癣、牛皮癣的

ecchymoses

瘀斑

hyperparakeratosis

过度不全角化

stratum corneum

角质层

urticaria

hives, 荨麻疹

scapular

n. 肩胛, 肩胛骨, 肩绷带

a. 肩胛骨的

bullous / bullae

大疱

clubbing

杵状指

actinic keratosis

光化性角化病

seborrheic keratosis

脂溢性角化病

papules

丘疹

contracture

挛缩

dystonia

张力障碍

spasmodic torticollis

痉挛性斜颈

blepharospasm

脸痉挛

myoclonus

肌阵挛

Hemiballism

偏身抽搐,偏身颤抽

parvovirus

细小病毒（DNA v), cause erythema infectiousum (5th disease, slap face)

paramyxovirus

副粘液病毒 (RNA v., cause Rubeola = regular measles)

togavirus

批盖病毒， (RNA v, cause Rubella = German measles, 3-day麻疹，会致畸）

exanthem

疹，皮疹

varicella

水痘

zoster

带状疱疹

pruritic

瘙痒的

impetigo

脓疱

pemphigus

天疱疮

myasthenia, myoclonus, myotonia

myasthenia,: 肌无力 myoclonus: 肌阵挛 myotonia: 肌强直

urticaria

hives, 荨麻疹

acanthosis

棘皮症 associated with psoriasis

acantholysis

皮肤棘层松解 associated with spongiotic dermatitis (such as eczematous dermatitis)

metaphysis/ diaphysis / epiphysis

干骺端/骨干、/骺

mydriasis

瞳孔放大

dysarthria

构音障碍

fasciculation

(肌纤维)自发性收缩,成束,束状

nystagmus

(希)眼球震颤,眼球震颤,眼震

Gracile fasciculus

Cuneate fasciculus

Gracile fasciculus: 薄束

Cuneate fasciculus: 楔束（合起来形成dorsal column system, ascending pathway)

trigeminal neuralgia

三叉神经痛

lacrimation

流泪

ptosis

上睑下垂

adduction

内收

incontinence

失禁, 无节制

ciliary ganglion

睫状神经节

miosis

瞳孔缩小

agenesis

complete absence of an organ

aponeurosis

腱膜

periosteum

骨膜

periosteum

骨膜

periosteum

骨膜

dura mater

pia mater

硬脑(脊)膜,硬膜:包裹在脑和脊髓表面的三层脑膜中的最外层

软脊膜,

scoliosis

脊柱侧凸

abducens

展神经; 眼外直肌

psammoma bodies

沙(粒)瘤小体,砂砾体

if in CNS: meningioma

syringomyelia

脊髓空洞症

proprioception

本体感觉

commissure

连和，(拉commissurra)(神经)连合,接合缘(古生物),接索(昆虫)

decussate

【医】交叉, 交叉的

tabes dorsalis

脊髓痨,脊髓痨,运动性共济失调 (神经梅毒）

hemiballism

偏身抽搐,偏身颤抽

phrenic

膈的,同diaphragmatic,精神的

phrenic

膈的,同diaphragmatic,精神的

phrenic

膈的,同diaphragmatic,精神的

quadriplegia

四肢麻痹(瘫痪)的

biceps brachii

肱二头肌

thrombophlebitis

血栓静脉炎

cusp

医】尖

trapezius

斜方肌(肌肉)

coarctation

缩窄

ate’lectasis

肺膨胀不全

scapula

肩胛(骨

submandibular

下颌下的

achalasia

贲门失迟缓症

Lacrimation

流泪

Lacrimation

流泪

Mydriasis

瞳孔放大

Cycloplegia

睫状肌麻痹

torsade de pointes

扭转型室性心动过速

Narcolepsy

嗜眠发作

【医】发作性睡眠

Ephedrine

麻黄碱

endarterectomy

动脉内膜切除术

amphotericin

两性霉素

mycosis

霉菌病

ototoxicity

中耳毒性

‘ethycrynic acid

依他尼酸,利尿酸,天尼酸[利尿药]

loop diuretics

indapamide

吲达胺,长效降压片,吲满胺,吲满速尿,吲满酰胺,吲达帕胺,寿比山

thiazide利尿剂，inhibit Na+/CL -transporter in the distal convoluted tubule

vincristine

长春新碱

vinca alkaloids: 长春花碱类

common side effects: neurotoxicity (interfere with microtubule formation in the nerve axons)

cyclophosphamide

环磷酰胺

side effects: burning on urination and urgency (cyclophosphamide- or ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis)

cisplatin

顺铂

platinum-containing agents cause nephrotoxicity,

this has to be prevented by aggressive hydration and amifostine

summary: side effects of chemotherapy drugs

vincristine: 外周神经毒性 neurotoxicity (interfere with microtubule formation in the nerve axons)- finger numbness and tangling

cyclophosphamide : 出血性膀胱炎 burning on urination and urgency (cyclophosphamide- or ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis)

cisplatin：肾毒性（生成ROS, 损伤肾小管），预防需要1）IV 大剂量生理盐水； 2）amifostine: thiol-based free-radical scavenger

methotrexate (MTX) overdose: leucovorin (folinic acid)

to treat vomit and nausea: 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (-setrons, such as ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron)

“tumor lysis syn”: 电解质紊乱+急性肾衰，解毒用aggressive hydration + alkalinization of the urine + allopurinol (别嘌呤醇)

hi’rudin

水蛭素; lepirudin: 重组水蛭素

direct thrombin inhibitors, DOC for HIT when heparin is used

clindamycin

克林霉素

side effects: pseudomembranous colitis

metro’nidazole

甲硝唑; 灭滴灵

side effects: GI (nausea, vomit, abdominal pain) + neurological (dizziness, paresthesias)

cladribine

克拉屈滨,2-氯脱氧腺苷

DOC for hairy cell leukemia

dystonia

张力障碍

corpus callosum

胼胝体

otitis media

中耳炎

clostridium

梭状芽胞杆菌

trismus

牙关紧闭 (= lock jaw ) - tetanus

ecthyma gangrenosum

坏疽性深脓疱病 - 绿脓杆菌感染

in immunocompromised patients

fimbriae

伞毛,菌毛

dysentery

痢疾

leptospira

Borrelia

Treponema

钩端螺旋体属,细螺旋体属

包柔式螺旋体

密螺旋体属,梅毒螺旋体

smallpox

天花

chickenpox

水痘

mumps

腮腺炎

rubella

风疹

togavirus

披盖病毒

reovirus

the only RNA virus with ds , 呼肠病毒(一组抗醚性RNA病毒)

parvovirus

细小病毒

roseola

蔷薇疹

caused by HHV-6; high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffused macular rash

orthomyxoviruses

正粘液病毒

filoviruses

纤丝病毒

Ebola/marburg hemorrhagic fever

Chlamydia trachomatis

沙眼衣原体

thrombophlebitis

血栓静脉炎

Kernicterus

脑核性黄疸,核黄疸

toxoplasma

弓形体 toxoplasmosis

Clostridium perfringens

产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌 exotoxin is a lecithinase (= phospholipase C) to degrade membrane phospholipids including lecithin, leading to cell membrane destruction and death

postular

脓疱的, 有脓疱的

belch

嗳气

primigravid

初孕的

sacroiliitis

骶髂关节炎

infratentorial

(小脑）幕下的

coloboma iridis

虹膜缺损

calcarine sulcus

距状沟

cingulate gyrus

扣带回

sphenoid sinus

蝶(状)窦

clivis

医】小脑山坡; 坡, 山坡

cuneus

楔叶(大脑)

diploe

板障(骨)

vermis cerebelli

小脑蚓部

fornix

】穹窿, 穹

infundibulum

动脉圆锥 (在垂体下面）

colliculi

丘

putamen

pu’tamen (豆状核)

和caudate nucleus间夹着内囊

claustrum

屏状核

insula

岛叶, 脑岛

crus cerebri

大脑脚,大脑脚底

velum interpositum

大脑中帆,第三脑室脉络组织

trochlear

滑车的

quandrigeminum

四叠体

conus medullaris

(拉)脊髓圆锥

tentorial

(小脑)幕的

rami communicans

交通支

maxillary

a. 颌的, 上颌骨的

mandibular: 下颌[骨]的

‘maxillary

a. 颌的, 上颌骨的

man’dibular: 下颌[骨]的

gastrocnemius

腓肠肌

tarsal

跗骨的, 睑板的

parotid

腮腺

otic

耳的

myasthenic

【医】肌无力的, 肌衰弱的

tuber cinereum

灰结节

anosmia

嗅觉缺失

sphenoid bone

蝶骨(视N从蝶骨里的optic nerve groove入脑）

interpeduncular fossa

脚间窝 (动眼N从这里exit the brain stem)

intort

内旋

cycloplegia

睫状肌麻痹

paralysis of accommodation

orbicularis

轮匝肌

orbicularis oculi: 眼轮匝肌

buccinator

‘buksinaitor

颊肌

phonation

发声

asphyxia

窒息

foramen magnum

[fa’reimen] 枕骨大孔

mastication

咀嚼,

presbycusis

老年性耳聋,

lemniscus

(复lemnisci)丘系

anhidrosis

无汗症

dystaxia

共济失调

dysmetria

辨距不良, 辨距障碍

dysdiadochokinesia

轮替运动障碍

genu [‘dʒenju:]

膝

hemianopia

偏盲

claustrum

屏状核

meperidine

哌替啶; 度冷丁

hemiballism

偏身抽搐,偏身颤抽 (lesion in subthalamic nucleus)

enkephalin

脑啡肽

kernicterus

核黄疸

tardive dyskinesia

迟发性运动障碍,动作缓慢

(drug- caused sun: repetitive choleric movement that affects the face and trunk;

from phenothiazines, butyrophenones, metoclopramide

dyslexia

诵读困难

anosognosia

疾病感缺失

apraxia [a’praksia]

精神性]运用不能, 失用[症];

prosopagnosia [‘prousou’pagnousia]

面部失认

alexia

失读

locus ceruleus

蓝斑（NE-richest neurons, discharge causes panic attacks)

sciatica (sciatic neuropathy) [sai’atik]

坐骨神经痛

piriformis

梨状肌

patellar [pә’telә]

膝盖骨的
【医】髌的

patellar reflex: 膝反射

satiety [sә’taiiti]

n. 满足, 饱食, 厌腻

【医】饱满感

scotoma

盲点

复scotomata

cunei

(单cuneus)楔叶(大脑)

area postrema

最后区 (dorsal surface of the medulla, agh the caudal end of the 4th ventricle)

chemoreceptor tigger zone位于此处，没有BBB, which allows it to sample chemicals circulating in the blood. 化疗病人如果刚开始接受化疗就很快呕吐，认为是刺激了最区的CTZ

tibial

【医】胫骨的

peroneal / fibula

【医】腓骨的, 腓侧的 /腓骨

sural

腓肠的, 小腿肚的

obturator

闭孔肌

styloid process

茎突

hyoid

舌骨

stapes

(复stapedes)镫骨,镫

malleus

锤骨

maxilla

上颌骨

mandible

下颌骨,

zy’goma

颧骨

vomer

梨骨

incus

n. 砧骨

tuberoinfundibular

结节漏斗(DA)系统

canaliculus [复数：canaliculi】

小管

atekectasis [ati’lectasis]

肺不张

tibia/ tibial

胫骨/胫骨的

pyknotic

固缩的, 致密的

coarctation

缩窄

sartorius

[sɑ:’tɒ:riәs]

n. 缝匠肌

clavicle

锁骨

greater tubercle

大结节,大结子

thenar/ thenar eminence

a. 手掌的, 足底的
【医】鱼际; 鱼际的, 掌的

thenar eminence: 鱼际

obturator n

闭孔神经

fibular

腓骨的

epicondyle / condyle

上踝 / condyle= n. 骨节, 髁

gluteal

臀的

sartorius [sɑ:’tɒ:riәs]

缝匠肌

pectineus

耻骨肌

‘gracilis

股薄肌

plantar

[‘plæntә]

a. 脚底的, 跖的

sural

[‘sjuәrәl]

a. 腓肠的

saphenous

【医】隐[静脉]的

popliteal

[pɒp’litiәl]

a. 膝后弯的, 腘的

menisci

(单niscus)半月板

patella

[pә’telә]

n. 膝盖骨, 髌骨

scalene [‘skeili:n]

斜角肌的

philtrum

[‘filtrәm]

n. 人中

crabriform plate

筛(状)板

gastroepiploic

胃网膜的

pudendal

会阴部的

ischial spine

坐骨棘

mesovarium

卵巢系膜

varicocele / varices

n. 精索静脉曲张/静脉曲张

psoas [‘souas]

. 腰肌

【医】腰[大]肌

lordosis [lɒ:’dәusis]

脊柱前凸

omentum

(复omenta)网膜

Gastric cardia

胃贲门

ischioanal fossa

坐骨肛门窝

hemiazygous vein

半奇静脉

drain blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen.

piriform recess

梨状隐窝

climacterium

更年期

anhedonic

快感缺失,兴致缺乏

malingering

诈病, 装病

delirium tremens

震颤性谵妄

‘narcolepsy

n. 嗜眠发作

【医】发作性睡眠

hypnagogic [hipna’gogik]

入眠前的

hypno’pompic

半醒的, 睡梦中的

hypnopompic hallucination
半醒前幻觉

‘cataplexy

猝倒

hypochon’driasis

疑病

agrophobia

广场恐怖,旷野恐怖

bulimia

贪食

enu’resis

尿床

encopresis

大便失禁

akathisia

静坐不能

a subjective, uncomfortable feeling of motor restlessness related to use of some antipsychotics.

tardive

迟发性,延迟性

frotteurism

摩擦淫

fetishism

恋物癖

voyeurism

观淫癖

altruism

利他主义, 利他

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