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Endocrine 2020 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pancreas made up of?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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2
Q

what cell types make up the islets of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
PP cells

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3
Q

what do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

glucagon

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4
Q

what do beta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin

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5
Q

what do delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

somatostatin

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6
Q

what do PP cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

polypeptide

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7
Q

what is formed when insulin is cleaved?

A

two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds with a connecting C peptide as a by-product

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8
Q

what blood glucose stimulates beta cells to release insulin?

A

above 5nM

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9
Q

what happens in diabetes to sensing of blood glucose?

A

beta cells lose their ability to sense due to hyperglycaemia taking it outside the KM of glucose

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10
Q

what does the KATP channel consist of?

A 
inward rectifier subunit (Kir6)
sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1)
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11
Q

what does a Kir6 mutation cause?

A

neonatal diabetes

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12
Q

management of neonatal diabetes

A

SUs

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13
Q

management of congenital hyperinsulinism

A

diazoxide (K+ channel activator)

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14
Q

what is MODY?

A

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

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15
Q

what mutations can cause MODY?

A

glucokinase (MODY2)

HNF transcription factors (MODY1/3)

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16
Q

two genetic conditions that cause insulin resistance

A
  1. Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome)
  2. Rabson Mendenhall syndrome

both have AR mutation of insulin receptor

17
Q

what receptor type does insulin bind to?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

18
Q

what receptor type does GH bind to?

A

cytokine receptor

19
Q

what receptor type does calcium bind to?

A

GPCR

20
Q

what happens if pyruvate/oxaloacetate is limited?

A

acetyl-CoA is converted to ketones

21
Q

what does having low/no insulin result in?

A

reduces the amount of glucose being taken up by tissues from the blood, so fatty acids are oxidised for energy

22
Q

what does accumulation of ketone bodies cause?

A

acidosis

23
Q

what does high glucose excretion cause?

A

dehydration
acidosis
coma and death

24
Q

presentation of DKA

A

vomiting
dehydration
increased HR
distinctive smell on breath

Endocrine 2020 (35 decks)

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