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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 7 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 7 Flashcards

Resistance - Malaria - Antibiotics - HIV

1
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Mosquitos

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2
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

fever, chills

Anemia (loss of RBC)

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3
Q

Methods used to control malaria

A
  1. Drugs in humans
  2. Kill vector (mosquito)
  3. Decrease contact b/t human and vector
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4
Q

Malaria is caused by…

A

plasmodium

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5
Q

What part of the body does plasmodium affect?

A

Liver -> gametocytes

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6
Q

What drug was used to treat malaria in humans?

A

Quinine sulphate tablets

Used to make tonic (+sugar water)

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7
Q

What happened to human drug treatment of malaria?

A

Resistance spread

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8
Q

What are 2 ways to kill mosquitos?

A
  1. Larval stage: remove water

2. Adult stage: pesticides

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9
Q

Why is removing water good at combating mosquitoes?

A

Larval stage feed underwater

No water = no food

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10
Q

Why is there treatment of mosquitoes in Toronto as well?

A

West Nile Disease

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11
Q

What happened to pesticide treatment of mosquitoes?

A

During spraying (1968 - 1990), resistant alleles increased.
When spraying was stopped, resistant alleles also decreased.
Implications:
Some cost to the resistant allele

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12
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What type of disease is tuberculosis?

A

Common, deadly

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14
Q

Where does tuberculosis affect?

A

The lungs

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15
Q

What affect did antibiotics have on tuberculosis new & relapsed cases?

A
  1. 5% of relapsed patients became resistant to antibiotics (take it for longer)
  2. 2% of new patients became resistant to antibiotics
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16
Q

Resistance is closely correlated with…

A

drug use

17
Q

How fast does resistance happen?

A

Very fast! 1-5 years.

18
Q

What happened when Iceland decreased use of penicillin?

A

Resistant strains declined

19
Q

How does the use of antibiotics select for the resistant phenotype?

A
  1. Separate resistant from non-resistant, and favour resistant
  2. Mutation of non-resistant types to resistant types
20
Q

How are plasmids with resistant genes be transferred between unrelated bacteria?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

Conjugation between bacteria.

21
Q

Consequence of not using the word “evolution” in biomedical journals regarding antibiotic resistance

A

Public press also avoid use of the word -> less public awareness of the issue

22
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

homosexual sex

sex trades

23
Q

Which country is has the highest occurrence of HIV?

A

Africa

24
Q

How to decrease HIV?

A

Use condoms

25
Q

Why did the invention of a drug cause an increase in new HIV diagnosis?

A

People thought of it as a not-serious issue, and stopped being careful with safe sex

26
Q

What drug was used to treat HIV?

A

AZT

27
Q

How did AZT work?

A

Azide group replaces OH to prevent joining of next nucleotide during reverse transcriptase

28
Q

Has there been resistance to AZT?

A

Yes; altered biding site that detects and avoid picking AZT

Frequency of resistant type increases as duration of drug use increases (happens independently in each patient)

29
Q

What does the azide group look like?

A

N3 instead of OH

30
Q

Why does HIV evolve so fast?

A
  1. High mutation rate
  2. Short generation time
  3. Giant population
31
Q

Fast generation time =

A

Fast evolution

32
Q

How to get treat HIV given that the virus becomes resistant quickly?

A

HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy

= Use a cocktail of different drugs

33
Q

HAART

A

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

34
Q

What happened as a result of HAART?

A

Deaths from HIV went down

35
Q

Which strain of HIV is the one that makes us more sick?

A

HIV-1 (not HIV-2)

36
Q

What is the HIV-like virus found in monkeys?

A

SIV

37
Q

How was HIV transmitted to humans?

A

From chimps (SIV):

  1. Keep them as pets
  2. Eat them

BIO220 (24 decks)

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