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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 10 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 10 Flashcards

Evolution in a vaccinated world Environmental change and health Medical physiology

1
Q

Why haven’t evolution weeded out some sicknesses yet?

A

Environment is changing faster than we are

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2
Q

Vaccines

A

biological treatments used to improve immune responses to future exposures of some disease

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3
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Inactivated antigen primes the immune system so it can respond quickly to activated strains in the future

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4
Q

What kind of antigens are found in vaccines?

A

dead or attenuated

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5
Q

Attenuate

A

Decrease effectiveness of

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6
Q

3 common vaccine types

A
  1. live attenuated pathogens
  2. dead pathogens
  3. toxoids
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7
Q

Toxoids

A

inactive toxic compounds

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8
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

Polio (OPV)
Measles
Mumps
Tuberculosis

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9
Q

examples of killed vaccines

A

Polio (IPV)
Flu
Cholera
Hepatitis A

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10
Q

Examples of toxoid vaccines

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

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11
Q

What kind of disease is diptheria?

A

Upper respiratory disease

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12
Q

How was smallpox spread?

A

inhalation of airborne virus & direct contract with infected things

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13
Q

When and where was the last case of small pox seen?

A

1949 in the US

1977 in Somalia

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14
Q

Who did not get smallpox (1700s)?

A

milkmaids

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15
Q

Why did milkmaids not get smallpox?

A

they got cowpox (less virulent version of the same pathogen)

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16
Q

How was vaccination for smallpox first done?

A

Expose cowpox pathogen (from infected milkmaid blisters) to people who did not have smallpox yet. Those people became immune to smallpox.

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17
Q

Are immune system sources of selection on pathogens?

A

Yes!

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18
Q

What are 3 risky assumptions we make that say “vaccination is not driving pathogen evolution”?

A
  1. Vaccines are just an extension of natural immunity
  2. Vaccines have worked for 100+ years, and we haven’t seen any problems YET
  3. Even if evolution happens, vaccines still do more good than bad
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19
Q

What causes hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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20
Q

Hepatitis B virus causes…

A

hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer

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21
Q

What is observed from HBV vaccinations?

A

there is a mutant allele that is only found in vaccinated people -> HBV are evolving in response to the vaccine

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22
Q

What shows that vaccines are selection pressures for pathogens?

A
  • HBV
  • Malaria
  • Diptheria
23
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

24
Q

Plasmodium is a type of…

A

protist

25
Q

What is malaria vaccination like?

A

there is no current vaccines for malaria

26
Q

How did the experiment creating vaccines for malaria turn out?

A

Many alleles that carry antigens for malaria. Vaccines only used some of those alleles. It was found that the alleles that haven’t been used increased in frequency.

The vaccine is increasing the fitness of the antigens unaffected by the vaccine.

27
Q

What is diptheria caused by?

A

bacterium

28
Q

Effects of diptheria?

A

Strains that produce toxins cause lesions on tonsils, nose, larynx, pharynx

29
Q

What is the vaccine for diptheria like? How affective is it?

A 
Detoxified toxin (toxoid).
Very successful in reducing childhood mortality.
30
Q

How did the experiment creating vaccines for malaria turn out?

A

Vaccine targets strains of bacteria that do produce toxin (select for non-toxic strains)

Good result! Occurrences of diptheria went down.

31
Q

What are some effects vaccines can have on the evolution of pathogens?

A
  1. Favour non-vaccine strain (already exists)

2. Mutate current strain to non-vaccine strain

32
Q

What is an example where good selection happened in response to vaccine selection?

A

Diptheria

33
Q

Why has vaccination worked so well despite evolution?

A

Many success stories are the treatment of acute childhood infections

34
Q

What is it about acute infections that increase the successes of vaccines?

A

Host either dies, or heals and becomes immune for life

35
Q

What makes vaccination different today vs. before?

A
  1. There are many strains of a disease, so many targets for vaccines
  2. Immunity to one strain does not mean immunity to another
  3. Individual infections are chronic in partially immune hosts due to immunosuppressant drugs, antigenic variation, evolution
36
Q

What might tell us an answer regarding health problems today (evolutionary history)?

A

Comparative studies: compare primitive societies to modern societies

We evolved in primitive society, but must live in modern society -> cause some health problems

37
Q

What are some health problems that may be caused by modern society?

A
  • Myopia
38
Q

Myopia

A

Near-sightedness

39
Q

what do myopic eyes look like?

A

elongated

40
Q

Which country has high myopia rates? Which have low?

A

High: China, Sweden
Low: indigenous peoples

41
Q

What affects likelihood of getting malaria?

A

The environment you developed in

Genetics (twin studies)

42
Q

Why is myopia still present in today’s population?

A

The genes that cause myopia did not have the same effect pre-modern society (this gene was not selected for)

43
Q

What is it about modern society that causes myopia gene to cause near-sightedness?

A

Reading

44
Q

Why do we have fevers?

A

Adaptive defete by host to defeat pathogen

45
Q

Extotherm

A

Regulate body temperature by moving locations (external environment)

46
Q

How was it proven that fever was beneficial for the host?

A

Induce fever in iguana:

  1. They moved to higher temp environment
  2. Lizards held at higher temps survived longer
47
Q

Experiment to measure affect of fever in humans

A
  1. Symptoms of sickness got worse in those taking drugs

2. Immune system was worse in those taking drugs

48
Q

Menopause

A

Ovulatory cycles stop, cannot reproduce anymore

49
Q

Why does menopause occur?

A

“Good mother” hypothesis

50
Q

Good mother hypothesis

A

Stop reproducing to care for current offspring (increase quality > quantity)

51
Q

Support for good mother hypothesis

A

Menopause only occur in species where offspring need intensive care

52
Q

Example of a species where menopause occurs

A

Killer whales

53
Q

Offsprings that live with grandmothers…

A
  • Breed earlier
  • Breed more frequently
  • More successful breedings
54
Q

Mothers who lived to late age had daughters who…

A 
Produced more (& successful) offspring
-> Mother increase fitness of daughters

BIO220 (24 decks)

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