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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 3 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 3 Flashcards

Sexual selection & female choice

1
Q

Mating behaviour of satin bowerbird

A

Males build bowers pre-mating season, and decorate with blue/yellow objects to attract females. Mate her while she is distracted with the decorations.

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2
Q

Mating behaviour of sage grouse

A

Leks: female come in to inspect the males, and pick one that she wants

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3
Q

How is the variance in sage grouse mating?

A

High variance in mating success in males (1 or 2 males get all the females)

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4
Q

Female choice

A

A female trait that biases the mating success of males towards the preferred type

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5
Q

Other words for female choice

A

mating bias, female preference

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6
Q

What categories of traits are the females looking for?

A
  • Visual stimulation
  • Tactile stimulation
  • Acoustical stimulation
  • Olfactory stimulation
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7
Q

Examples of organisms that use visual stimulation

A 
Scorpionfly
Barn swallow
Long-tailed widowbird
Satin bower bird
Cichlid fish
Field cricket
Jungle fowl
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8
Q

Examples of organisms that use tactile stimulation

A

Sierra dome spider

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9
Q

Examples of organisms that use acoustical stimulation

A

Field cricket
Woodhouse’s toad
Great reed warbler
Tungara frog

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10
Q

Examples of organisms that use olfactory stimulation

A

Mouse
Cockroach
Moth

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11
Q

Why was the tail manipulation experiment done, and on what species?

A

To make sure the trait we think is being selected for by females is actually being selected for.
Done in widow birds.

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12
Q

What were the groups that were in the tail manipulation experiment

A

Natural (N)
Reduced (R)
Elongated (L)
Sham surgery (S)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of sham surgery?

A

Tail length not changed, but some manipulation is done (control group)

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14
Q

What was found by the tail manipulation experiment?

A

L > N = S > R

Females do prefer males with longer tails

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15
Q

What peacock trait do females prefer?

A

More eyespots on tail

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16
Q

Two animals which use visual stimulation to attract mates

A
  1. Widow birds

2. Peacocks

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17
Q

How do tungara frogs attract mates?

A 
Complex calls (whine & chucks);
Whines attract females, and number of chucks is what makes one male better than the other.
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18
Q

Why don’t all tungara frogs have more complex calls?

A

Bats are attracted to whines of males too, and they are more likely to get eaten if they have more chucks

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19
Q

Two problems of female choice

A
  1. Why are male elaborations common?

2. Why do females prefer certain traits?

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20
Q

Why are male elaborations common?

A

Females prefer them, so there is selection for elaboration

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21
Q

Why do females prefer certain traits in males?

A
  1. Direct benefit to female for selecting such traits (can produce more offspring)
  2. Indirect benefits to females (through offspring)
22
Q

Direct benefit hypothesis implies that females select males w/ certain traits b/c

A

She’s actually selecting for resources (PI) that the male has. The trait is just an indicator of PI.

23
Q

PI

A

Parental investment

24
Q

How do female mormon crickets pick mates?

A

Pick those with bigger spermataphores. Male will stick it on her, and while she eats the protein, the sperm will fertilize her.

25
Q

Spermataphores

A

Sperm attached to a protein glob. Bigger = more protein for females to nourish herself with.

26
Q

How do hanging flies pick mates?

A

Male kills prey, and displays to attract female with food. Females pick bigger offering. While she eats the food, male fertilizes her.

27
Q

Why might bigger prey displays be beneficial to male and female hanging flies?

A

Females: more food
Males: have longer time to fertilize while female is eating = more sperm transferred

28
Q

What do females look for as indicators of PI?

A
  • Territory quality
  • Parental care
  • Defense
  • Lack of parasites (STIs)
29
Q

Indirect benefit hypothesis implies that females select males w/ certain traits b/c

A

They have better genes so offspring will be better (fitness)

30
Q

When is indirect benefit hypothesis applicable?

A
  • Only thing male gives female is sperm

- Female want to improve offspring quality, not quantity

31
Q

How to test indirect benefit hypothesis?

A

Female identifies preferred male trait. Mate her to ones with best trait and worst trait. Examine offspring.

32
Q

how are sex roles defined?

A

Resource investment in the offspring

33
Q

Examples of high male PI?

A
  • Giant water bugs
  • Pipefish
  • Katydids
  • Spotted sand piper
  • Plovers
34
Q

Pipefish male reproductive success limited by…

A

size of their brood pouch

35
Q

Pipefish female reproductive success limited by…

A

access to males’ brood pouch

36
Q

Mating system of pipefish

A

Females compete and are sexually selected for by the males

37
Q

What do male pipefish look for?

A

Larger females (more eggs) & large fold

38
Q

Katydid mating system (normal)

A

Males transfer spermataphores to female

39
Q

Katydid mating system (low resources)

A

Females need male for spermataphores, and males limited by the resources to make spermataphores.

Males become the limiting factor.
Females will be sexually selected.

40
Q

What changes when food is scarce for katydids?

A
  • Male calls decrease
  • Females mate more
  • Male mate choice increases
  • Female competition increases
41
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

42
Q

What does MHC do?

A

Code for antigen recognition system of the immune system

43
Q

HLA

A

Loci that code for antigen recognition (immune response)

44
Q

MHC in humans is…

A

HLA

45
Q

What kind of MHC is good?

A

Ones with lots of genetic variation -> defend against more pathogens

46
Q

Why do mice choose mates based on MHC?

A
  • Avoid inbreeding

- Increase genetic diversity at MHC loci

47
Q

Do mice choose mates based on MHC?

A

Yes; mate choice based on odours that correspond with differences at MHC loci

48
Q

Are humans affected by odours that correspond with HLA?

A

Yes

49
Q

What were the results of the odour study in humans?

A
  • Intensity of odours similar between different HLA and same HLA group
  • Women prefer those with different HLA
50
Q

How does birth control affect how attractive scents are to women?

A

BC makes women think she is pregnant.

Might prefer those with same HLA = offspring and family who can take care of her.

BIO220 (24 decks)

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